Presentation describing "Stone Age. Stonehenge" for a lesson on the history of fine arts
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Stonehenge (English: Stonehenge, lit. “stone henge”) is a megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. It is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
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It is located approximately 130 km southwest of London, approximately 3.2 km west of Amesbury and 13 km north of Salisbury.
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Stonehenge was built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first occurs around 3100 BC. It was then that a ditch and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, with a diameter of 115 m, a width of 2.5 m and a height of 50-80 cm. Almost a thousand years later, the “construction” of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. 80 large stones were delivered to Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the ditch in two concentric circles - on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipsatrylites. A few more centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths, 31 m in diameter, was erected. True, at present only 17 of them remain standing. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again “reconstructed” and had already acquired the appearance we are familiar with.
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The plan highlights: 1 - Altar Stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 - Mounds without graves 4 - Fallen stone 4.9 meters long (SlaughterStone - scaffold) 5 - Heel Stone 6 - Two of the original four vertically standing stones 7 - Ditch (ditch) 8 - Inner rampart 9 - Outer rampart 10 - Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the River Avon; now these shafts are barely distinguishable 11, 12 - Rings of 30 holes 13 - Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubreyholes 14 - Small southern entrance Plan of Stonehenge
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It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge since there are no inscriptions, marks, or anything at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge says that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which priests could calculate lunar and sunny days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.
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Professor J. Mitchell, having carried out a computer analysis of Stonehenge and tried to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge using modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more and no less, an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that there are not nine, but twelve planets in the solar system, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet posed even more mysteries for the scientist, because it was supposed to be between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and in this place there is an asteroid belt.
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It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that most likely representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were buried here.
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The English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the top of each of which pointed to the next point
Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
Federal state budget educational institution higher
vocational education
"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering"
(NNGASU)
Art
Ancient world.
Stonehenge
Student: Arutyunova K.B. gr.DG1.11
2012
stone megalithic
building (cromlech)
on Salisbury Plain
in Wiltshire (England)
Cromlech is an ancient structure consisting of several erected
vertically into the ground of treated or untreated oblong
stones forming one or more concentric circles. Stonehenge is
complex of stone blocks,
bounded by an earthen ditch.
Along the edges of the ditch there are two
earthen ramparts - internal and external.
The latter, in fact, is
border of this entire complex. 1 - Altar Stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales
2-3 - mounds without graves
4 - fallen stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone - scaffold)
5 - Heel Stone
6 - two of the originally four vertically standing stones (on the plan of the early 19th century their position
stated otherwise)
7 - ditch (ditch)
8 - internal shaft
9 - external shaft
10th Avenue, that is, a parallel pair
ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the river
Avon (en:River Avon, Hampshire);
now these shafts are barely visible
11 - ring of 30 pits, so-called. Y wells;
in the 1930s the holes were marked
round columns, which are now
removed
12 - ring of 30 pits, so-called. Z holes
13 - circle of 56 holes, known as holes
Aubrey holes
14 - small southern entrance
Stones concentrated in the center
Stonehenge, indicated on the plan
color: gray - for boulders
sandstone (sarsen) and blue - for
stones imported from afar, mainly
in the image of blue stones. The outer circle, at one time,
consisted of 30 vertically standing
grayish stones. Height of each
of which 4.1 meters, width 2.1 meters,
the weight of one stone is approximately 25 tons.
These multi-ton blocks were
laid stone horizontal
ceilings Each of them rested
on two vertical stones, in
whose flat tops were
special protrusions are made
20 centimeters high.
Within this circle stood five sarsen trilithons,
forming a horseshoe open towards the avenue. Their huge
the stones weigh up to 50 tons each. Triliths are arranged
symmetrical: the smallest pair of trilithons was 6 m
tall, the next pair is slightly taller, and the most
the only central trilith was large
7.3 m high. K 19th century only two survive
trilith from the southeast and one strongly bent support
central trilith. In the first half of the 20th century
one trilith from the north-west was recovered and
the support of the central trilith was straightened than it was
The view of the complex from the north-west has been completely changed. The so-called avenue departs from Stonehenge - it stretches towards the river
Avon parallel pair of ditches. The ditches, on both sides, are limited by ramparts and have
length is about 3 kilometers.
All this is barely visible on the ground, but apparently it once looked large and
majestically.
Maybe Stonehenge was a powerful energy generator. This is indirectly indicated by
at least an alley leading straight to the river. After all, water is the basis of everything, and it is thanks to it that today we produce
electricity. There is no clear answer here. Modern man knows too little about ancient civilizations and the ways
which they used to obtain the energy necessary for normal life. Stonehenge before and after restoration. View from the northwest
End of the 19th century.
Beginning of the 19th century.
1911
2004 Dating of Stonehenge
The first researchers associated the construction
Stonehenge with Druids. The excavations, however,
pushed back the creation of Stonehenge to
New Stone and Bronze Ages.
Modern dating of elements
Stonehenge is based on radiocarbon dating
method. Currently there are
the following phases:
Phase 1 - construction of the main ditch and ramparts
(Windmill Hill culture). It was in the ditch
a significant number of deer antlers were found from
signs of wear. Because below these horns
no silt was found, it was stated
assumption that the ditch was dug soon
after killing the deer. Latest
the event was radiocarbon dated
method 3020-2910 BC e.
Phase 2 - secondary filling of the ditch,
wooden structures and Aubrey holes.
Phase 3 - funeral cut into the top
secondary filling of the ditch, construction
stone rings made of sandstone and blue
stones, avenues and holes Y and Z (Wessex
culture). Material for dating boulders
sarsen, available in very limited quantities
quantity, indicates 2440-2100 BC. e. Purpose of Stonehenge
Legends connected the construction of Stonehenge with
named after Merlin. In the middle of the 17th century, English
architect Inigo Jones put forward the version that
Stonehenge was built by the ancient Romans. Some
Middle Ages scientists believed that Stonehenge
built by the Swiss or Germans. At the beginning of the XIX
century, the version about Stonehenge as a
Druid sanctuary. Some thought it was
tomb of Boadicea - the pagan queen.
Even the authors of the 18th century noticed that the situation
stones can be linked to astronomical
phenomena. The most famous modern
an attempt to interpret Stonehenge as
grand stone age observatory
belongs to J. Hawkins and J. White. Scientific
it has no confirmation.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge
used for burials. Indeed, on
burials were found on the territory of the monument, but
they were produced much later than they were built
Stonehenge. For example, a skeleton was found in a ditch
young man, dated by
radiocarbon method 780-410 BC. e.
According to news agencies,
professor of archeology from the City University
Sheffield's Mike Parker Person, who
leads the Stonehenge Riverside project
Archaeological Project, noted that in its opinion
Stonehenge from its very beginnings
and until it flourished in the third millennium BC
was considered by the inhabitants of England as
area for burying the dead. Literature
Brown P. Stonehenge. Mysteries of megaliths / Trans. from English - M.: JSC
Tsentrpoligraf, 2010.
Wood J. The Sun, the Moon and Ancient Stones / Transl. from English - M.: Mir, 1981.
Hawkins J., White J. Solving the mystery of Stonehenge / Trans. from English - M.: Mir,
1973, 1984. - M.: Veche, 2004.
Hawkins J. From Stonehenge to the Incas / Trans. from English - M.: Veche, 2004.
Burl A. The Stonehenge People. - London: Guild Publishing, 1987.
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Stonehenge
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In southern England on Salisbury Plain there are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected on top by horizontally lying flat stones.
This ancient structure is located in England. Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100. BC
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Stages of construction of Stonehenge.
At the beginning (3100-2800 BC) a ring ditch was made with two embankments, open from the northeast. Before the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - is dug 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a closed circle.
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The final stage began around 2100 BC. Near the center, a “horseshoe” of five “trilithons” (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones installed in the shape of the letter “P”) was built. The trilithons are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones, covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the “horseshoe” coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths have a height of 6.6.5 and 7.2 m.
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In the very heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton monolith made of green mica sandstone was erected - the so-called “Altar”. In addition, the northeast entrance was moved slightly to the side and widened so that it looked directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice.
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Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara.
In the early 90s, on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, a Neolithic sanctuary was opened, called Pegrema, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone disks, etc., which testified to the development of the religious-magical cult and deep skills in stone processing from our distant ancestors.
In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district.
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At the top of Vottovaara, on an area of about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1,600 seid stones, laid in some mysterious order.
Municipal budgetary educational institution additional education children Children's art school of the city of Apsheronsk
Methodological development with a presentation for the educational subject “Conversations about Art”
"Stonehenge"
Developed by a teacher
Pakhomova Yulia Sergeevna
Apsheronsk, 2016
Methodological note for the presentation “Stonehenge”.
This presentation is intended for a more visual and orderly study of material on the topic “Stonehenge” within the framework of the subject “Conversations about Art” for students in the general development program in the field fine arts(training period is 4 years).
Goals and objectives: increase motivation, instill interest in studying the history and culture of the Ancient World, the formation of an active, independent and proactive position of students, the development of general educational skills (research, reflective, self-evaluation).
Tutorial contains:
One text to read.
Disc with presentation.
STONEHENGE
Gigantic structure Stonehenge- a stone mystery in the very center of Europe, as one of the researchers, Dr. Umlmor Trever, called this amazing monument.
This ancient building is located in England, Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100 BC. BC Stonehenge I was a circular ditch with two halls and may have served as a cemetery.
In a circle along the outer shaft there are 56 small burial "Aubrey holes", named after John Aubrey, who first described them in the 17th century. To the northeast of the entrance to the ring there was a huge, seven-meter high Heel Stone. During the construction of Stonehenge II, an earthen alley was laid between the Heel Stone and the entrance. Two rings of 80 huge blue stone blocks were erected, which were probably transported 320 km from South Wales. At the final stage of construction, the megaliths were rearranged. The blue stones were replaced by a ring colonnade of 30 trilithons, each of which consisted of two vertical stones and a horizontal slab resting on them. A horseshoe of five free-standing trilithons was installed inside the ring.
In general, Stonehenge is a structure of 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks weighing 25 tons and 5 huge so-called trilithons, stones whose weight reaches 50 tons. Folded stone blocks form arches that once served as a perfect indicator of the cardinal directions. Until recently, scientists assumed that this monument was built in 3100 BC by tribes living in the British Isles to observe the Sun and Moon. But the latest data from modern science force us to reconsider many of the conclusions of researchers. Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist X. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from quarries. which were located more than 300 kilometers from the construction site. Needless to say, transporting the giant stone blocks required incredible effort. At the end of 1994, University of Wales professor David Bowen used a new method to determine the age of Stonehenge. It turned out that it is 140,000 years old. Why did ancient people need to make enormous efforts to cut down, complex transportation, processing of the strongest blocks and their installation of incredible precision in a strict order?
There is no answer to this question yet. Famous astronomer Fred Hoyle. Having studied all the geometric features of Stonehenge, he determined that the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the Moon and the duration of the solar year. According to the conclusions of other researchers, the holes located inside the circle formed by the stone blocks exactly indicate the trajectory of the Celestial Pole 12-30 thousand years ago! In 1998, astronomers recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many. It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously thought, but also represents an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but of twelve planets, two of which are located beyond the orbit of Pluto (the last of the nine planets known today), and one more - between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located.
In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the ideas of many ancient peoples, who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system was twelve.
A feature of all ancient megaliths is their unusually high seismic resistance. Research has shown that during their construction, special platforms were used to soften or completely dampen tremors. Most of all ancient structures were erected on such platforms. In addition, such foundations practically do not cause “soil shrinkage”, which inevitably occurs during modern construction. Scientists do not yet know who and why erected a grandiose astronomical observatory in the center during the Stone Age Ireland.
But after careful research, it became clear that to attribute the construction of this huge “megalith” to the ancient tribes of Druids who lived in the territory Ireland in those days, it was simply unreasonable. One thing is certain: whoever the ancient builders were, they had enormous knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, geology and architecture. And if we consider that grandiose monuments and structures in prehistoric times were erected almost all over the world, we can conclude that we, modern people, know practically nothing about our own history
And while scientists are studying this ancient monument, Stonehenge continues to live its life in folklore. According to local legend, giant blue stones have healing powers; they appeared on this land thanks to the wizard Merlin, a sorcerer at the court of King Arthur, who brought them from Ireland. The origin of the huge Heel Stone is connected with another legend.
They say that one day the devil saw a monk hiding among the stones. Before the unfortunate man could escape, the devil threw a huge boulder at him, which crushed his heel. For a long time, the ruins of Stonehenge were associated with the priestly cult of the ancient Celts-Druids, although experts deny this connection.
List of used literature:
1. Alpatov M.V. Art: Painting: Sculpture: Architecture: Graphics: kN. for the teacher. In 3 hours. Part 1. Ancient world. Middle Ages. Renaissance / M. V. Alpatov and others - ed., revised. and additional – M.: Education, 1987. – 218 p., ill.
2. Vardanyan R.V. World artistic culture: Architecture. / R.V. Vardanyan - M. Humanit. ed. VLADOS center, 2003. – 400 pp., ill.