Presentation on the topic geology as a science. Geology
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Geological processes
Where can you find stalactites and stalagmites? A) In the canyon B) In a karst cave C) C coal mine D) In the crater of a volcano
What created free-standing pillars from solid rock? Earthquake Weathering Human activity Volcanic activity
What pours out of a volcano crater? Magma Lava Mantle M Antili I
What is this? Mountain glacier Landslide Frozen river Mud flow
What destroys coastal rocks the most? Living organisms Human activities Rain water Sea waves
What natural force created these dunes? Wind Sea waves Glacier Tsunami
Where are these rock layers located? Vertically Obliquely Horizontally Create folds
What is this? Geyser Volcanic eruption Heating network breakthrough Artesian well
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Slide captions:
geology
a science that studies the structure and history of the development of the Earth...
The longest periods of time in the geological history of the Earth are...
The most ancient era is…
We live in an era...
The period in which the ancient glaciation occurred...
The youngest folding...
The platform is... There are... and...
A plate is... A shield is...
A geosyncline is...
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minerals
Forms of occurrence of minerals in nature Forms of occurrence of minerals in nature are determined by the characteristics of their internal structure, composition, and conditions of formation. Most minerals are crystalline substances. Single crystals are relatively rare in nature; more often you have to deal with mineral aggregates.
Druze of minerals Intergrowths of large crystals with common ground called Druze
Clusters of small crystals are called brushes
Crystallization of minerals often occurs in cracks and voids in rocks. Forms of filling voids include nodules, secretions, stalactites, stalagmites, dendrites
nodules
secretion
secretion
Stalactites and stalagmites
dendrites
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Prehistoric life
trilobite armored fish
pareiasaurus
ammonites belemnites
ankylosaur
saurolophus
plesiosaur
rhamphorhynchus
pterodactyl
ichthyosaur
tyrannosaur
indricotherium
Triceratox
Archeopteryx
diatryma
Saber tooth tiger
Cave bear
Woolly rhinoceros
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Natural stone in the decoration of St. Petersburg
The limestone called “Putilovskaya slab” is the very first natural stone, which came into use along with brick in the time of Peter the Great - this sedimentary rock was formed at the bottom of the sea, which occupied the territory of our region in the Ordovician time. The rock is dense, gray in color with a green or yellow tint. Stone mining was located near the Tosno and Volkhov rivers, as well as in the area of Putilov Mountain. And now near the village of Putilovo there is a quarry for the extraction of this limestone.
The Menshikov Palace was built using Putilov slabs
Peter and Paul Fortress, building of 12 colleges
Peter 1 Palace, A Nichkov Palace
Calcareous tuff or Pudozh stone attracted builders because it was easily processed with a knife and saw at the time of removal from the layer, and then hardened and was not inferior in strength to marble.
The cladding of the external walls and columns of the large colonnade of the Kazan Cathedral are made from Pudozh stone
Sculptures at the main entrance to the Mining Institute
Sculptures of the main arch of the Admiralty
Sculptures symbolizing 4 great Russian rivers at the base of the Rostral columns.
Rapakivi granite - business card our city. This stone began to be actively used in the construction of St. Petersburg at the end of the 18th century. The stone deposits are located on the territory of Finland and the Leningrad region.
In St. Isaac's Cathedral, the external walls and the floor of the interior are lined with this marble.
In the marble palace - window frames of the 2nd and 3rd floors and the interior decoration of the palace
In an engineering castle - cladding of external and internal walls
Pedestals for the monument to Rumyantsev and the sculpture of Zeus were made from Ruskeala marble
An example of its use today is the cladding of the Primorskaya and Ladozhskaya metro stations
Carrara marble (summer garden sculptures)
Tivdian and Belogorsk marble was mined in Karelia
This marble was used to create the interiors of St. Isaac's Cathedral
Marble Hall of the Ethnographic Museum Interiors of the Marble Palace
Monument to Nicholas 1 The pedestal of the monument is made of Shokshin quartzite. This stone was mined on the shores of Lake Onega
Slide 2: GEOLOGY
the science of the composition, structure and patterns of development of the Earth Descriptive - deals with the study of the placement and composition of geological bodies, including their shape, size, relationship, sequence of occurrence, as well as the description of various minerals and rocks. Dynamic - considers the evolution of geological processes, such as the destruction of rocks, their transport by wind, glaciers, ground or underground waters, accumulation of sediments (external to the earth's crust) or movement of the earth's crust, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions (internal). Historical - studies the sequence of geological processes of the past. Sections of Geology
Slide 3: Science of the Earth's crust
Mineralogy is a branch of geology that studies minerals, questions of their genesis, and qualifications. Lithology is the study of rocks formed in processes associated with the atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere of the Earth. These rocks are not quite accurately called sedimentary rocks. Geocryology - studies permafrost rocks with characteristic properties and features. Petrography (petrology) is a branch of geology that studies igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks - their description, origin, composition, textural and structural features, as well as classification. Structural geology is a branch of geology that studies the forms of occurrence of geological bodies and disturbances of the earth's crust. Crystallography was originally a branch of mineralogy, but is now more of a physical discipline.
Slide 4: Science of dynamic geology
Tectonics is a branch of geology that studies the movement of the earth's crust. Volcanology is a branch of geology that studies volcanism. Seismology is a branch of geology that studies geological processes during earthquakes and seismic zoning. Geocryology is a branch of geology that studies permafrost. Petrology (petrography) is a branch of geology that studies the genesis and conditions of origin of igneous and metamorphic rocks
Slide 5: Sciences of historical geology
Historical geology – branch of geology that studies sequence data major events in the history of the Earth. The history of the Earth is divided into two major stages - eons, according to the appearance of organisms with solid parts, leaving traces in sedimentary rocks and allowing, based on paleontological data, to determine the relative geological age. Precambrian geology stands out as a special discipline, as it studies specific, often strongly and repeatedly metamorphosed complexes and has special research methods. Paleontology studies ancient life forms and deals with the description of fossil remains, as well as traces of the vital activity of organisms. Stratigraphy is the science of determining the relative geological age of sedimentary rocks, the division of rock strata, and the correlation of various geological formations. One of the main sources of data for stratigraphy is paleontological definitions
Slide 6: Applied disciplines
Mineral geology studies the types of deposits, methods of their search and exploration. It is divided into oil and gas geology, coal geology, and metallogeny. Hydrogeology is a branch of geology that studies groundwater. Engineering geology is a branch of geology that studies the interactions of the geological environment and engineering structures
Slide 7: Other sections of geology
Geochemistry is a branch of geology that studies the chemical composition of the Earth, the processes that concentrate and disperse chemical elements in various spheres of the Earth. Geophysics is a branch of geology that studies physical properties Earth, which also includes a set of exploration methods: gravity survey, seismic survey, magnetic survey, electrical survey of various modifications, etc. Geobarothermometry is a science that studies a set of methods for determining the pressure and temperature of formation of minerals and rocks. Microstructural geology is a branch of geology that studies the deformation of rocks at the microlevel, on the scale of grains of minerals and aggregates. Geodynamics is a science that studies the evolution of the Earth on a planetary scale, the connection between processes in the core, mantle and crust. Geochronology is a branch of geology that determines the age of rocks and minerals. Lithology is a branch of geology that studies sedimentary rocks. The history of geology is a section of the history of geological knowledge and mining. Agrogeology - a section of geology about the search, extraction and use of agricultural ores in agriculture, as well as the mineralogical composition of agricultural soils.
Slide 8: Basic principles of geology
The principle of actualism is that the geological forces operating in our time worked similarly in earlier times. James Hutton formulated the principle of actualism with the phrase “The present is the key to the past.” The principle of primary horizontality - when formed, marine sediments lie horizontally. The principle of superposition - rocks that are not disturbed by folds and faults follow the order of their formation, the rocks that lie higher are younger, and those that are lower in the section are older. The principle of consistency - the same organisms are common in the ocean at the same time. It follows from this that a paleontologist, having determined a set of fossil remains in a rock, can find rocks that formed at the same time. The principle of continuity is that the building material forming layers extends across the surface of the earth unless some other mass restrains it.
Last presentation slide: GEOLOGY: Key geological events
4.568 billion years ago - formation of the Solar System. 4.54 billion years ago - accretion of the Earth. 3.8 billion years ago - end of late heavy bombardment, first life. 3.5 billion years ago - the first photosynthesis. 2.4-2 billion years ago - enrichment of the atmosphere with oxygen, the first ice age. 900-630 million years ago - the second ice age. 540 million years ago - Cambrian explosion, sudden increase in biodiversity; the beginning of the Paleozoic. 360 million years ago - the first land vertebrates. 199.6 million years ago - Triassic-Jurassic, one of the largest extinctions of the Mesozoic era. 65.5 million years ago - Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, the last mass extinction that destroyed the dinosaurs; the end of the Mesozoic and the beginning of the Cenozoic. 6 million years ago - present - hominins: 6 million years ago - the first hominins appear; 4 million years ago - the first australopithecus, the direct ancestors of modern humans; 124 thousand years ago - the first Homo sapiens appeared in East Africa.
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Geology 1773 Mining School Cadet Corps LGI St. Petersburg Mining UniversitySlide 2
Geology has enormous practical and educational significance in the life of mankind. The main practical significance of geology is the development of issues of metallogeny and minerageny - identifying the patterns of formation and location of mineral deposits in space and time, analyzing the geological structure of the territory and identifying regions and areas within it , promising for various ores, non-metallic raw materials, building materials, precious stones, hydrocarbons (gas, oil), and water, which is becoming more and more expensive and scarce
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Geoecology, emergency prevention 1. Radiation observations, 2. Prediction of earthquakes 3. Prediction of volcanic eruptions 4. Prevention of landslides, landslides, sinkholes. 5. Predictions of uplift and subsidence of land areas. Engineering geology Research of areas for construction, survey of routes railways and highways, sections hydraulic structures etc.
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Cognitive significance of geology Man knows much less about the structure of planet Earth, on which we live, than about the outer space surrounding us. With the radius of the Earth 6378 km. and the thickness of the continental crust is 40 km, the deepest Kola superdeep well penetrated into the depths of only 12261 m. We judge deep subsoil only by indirect signs and build various ambiguous hypotheses. Lack of knowledge is always dangerous and limits our capabilities.
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Geology is a synthetic science that studies the Earth and other planets. It uses data and partially overlaps with many natural science disciplines: geography, geophysics, geochemistry, geoecology. Geology includes: petrography, mineralography, historical geology, dynamic geology, mineralogy, crystallography, tectonics, lithology, paleontology, geophysics, metallogeny, etc. Practical geology and exploration technology, closely related to scientific geology, are of great importance, including: geological surveying, prospecting, exploration, mapping, remote sensing, etc.
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Geological sciences are grouped into three areas 1. Substance-geochemical direction: petrology, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry. 2. Genetic (history of origin and development): historical geology, stratigraphy, paleogeography, Quaternary geology, paleontology. 3. Dynamic geology, which studies the features of processes: geotectonics, volcanology, seismology, karst studies.
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System analysis When system analysis There are two ways to organize information, namely, classification and systematization of objects. Classification - separation of objects of the same type according to any of them common feature. For example, people can be classified by: height, eye color, etc. In geology, all studied objects (Minerals, rocks, volcanoes...) are necessarily classified. Another way of ordering objects is systematization - dividing objects according to their subordination (subordination), a reflection of ordering built on the principle of subordination.
Slide 8
Signs of geological objects All objects have special features that characterize them, these are: 1-shape, 2-composition, 3-structure (structure), 4-properties, 5-origin. Signs are divided into qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative characteristics, in turn, are divided into relative and absolute. Relative characteristics are used when comparing objects of the same type. Relative characteristics underlie the construction of rankings, despite the fact that these assessments are sometimes expressed in numerical form (for example, in so-called points).
Slide 9
For example, the assessment of the severity of earthquakes is relative. In connection with the introduction of computer technology into science, there is a need to translate qualitative characteristics into quantitative ones. This technique is called formalization or coding, and consists of giving a qualitative characteristic a numerical value. It is widely used in the practice of scientific research in order to organize observed objects. Absolute characteristics are always based on a strict measure, which is considered unshakable and constant. Such a measure can be a measure of length, volume, speed, salinity, temperature, etc.
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Hierarchical systematization of objects Geology studies the planet at different levels of organization of matter, in connection with this, the objects of study are: 1. Atoms (objects of physics research), 2. Molecules (object of chemistry research) 3. Minerals - simple or complex substances formed in the interior of the planets , 4. Rocks - a collection of minerals, 5. Rock bodies, geological bodies (litoms), 6. Earth's shells, 7. Planets. 8. Star systems 9. Galaxies Analysis should be carried out taking into account the level of organization of matter and connections between levels.
Slide 11
Relationship between an object and a feature Some features of objects are obvious and can be observed visually. Most of the others are hidden from the observer, and we can only assume their existence. In order for the guesses to receive factual confirmation, it is necessary to study it, resorting to the help of special devices and instruments. Thus, unnoticed by us, the sign acquires the status of a subject of research
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Geology has a structure that is completely subordinate to hierarchical systematization objectively existing world, and this is expressed in the existence of many geological disciplines, the objects of study of which correspond to hierarchical levels. When considering the relationship between the concepts of “object” and “subject,” we must remember that each object of a lower level, being part of an object of a higher level, becomes its characteristic (attribute), and, therefore, its subject of research. Example: a chemical element, which is the object of study of geochemistry, when considering objects at the mineral level, becomes only one of the characteristics of minerals studied by another science - mineralogy. Accordingly, we will begin the “General Geology” course with the study of minerals.
Slide 13
Organization of geological work 1. Collection of materials about the structure of the territory, drawing up topographic maps. 2. Conducting geological surveys from M 1:1000,000 to M 1:50,000 and, with detailing the most promising territories and drawing up geological maps containing all the basic information about the structure of the territory 3. Conducting search work for identified mineral resources, in promising areas, with the excavation of pits. Anomalies and ore occurrences are identified. 4. Conducting exploration work with drilling, sometimes digging ditches and adits. Ore bodies are identified and reserves are calculated. 5. Operational exploration and ore mining. In parallel, research institutes carry out thematic work to assist production workers and identify prospects for further work.
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Literature Abrikosov “General, petroleum and oilfield geology”, 1982. Course of lectures, part 1 and part 2. Mstislavskaya L.P., Filippov V.P. “Geology, prospecting and exploration of oil and gas”, 2005 Bondarev V.P. Geology. Course of lectures, 2002. Mstislavskaya L.P., Pavlinich M.F., Filippov V.P. "Fundamentals of oil and gas production", 2003.
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Additional literature Gabrielyants G.A. Geology, prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields, 2000. Korshak A.A., Shammazov A.M. “Fundamentals of oil and gas business”, 2002 Zhdanov M.A. Oil and gas field geology and calculation of oil and gas reserves. - M.: Nedra, 1981.
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What role does geological knowledge play in modern human life? In which regions of Russia is mining carried out? What oil and gas fields do you know?
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Why is it important to know the geological conditions of drilling a well? Why is it important to know where oil and gas production is taking place in Russia?
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1. Contents academic discipline“Geology”, its role and place in the system of acquired knowledge in the specialty, connection with other academic disciplines. Contents of the academic discipline “Geology” Section 1. “Fundamentals of General Geology”. Section 2 "Fundamentals of mineralogy and petrography". Section 3 "Fundamentals of historical and structural geology" Section 4 "Fundamentals of oil and gas geology" Section 5 "Search and exploration of oil and gas fields." Section 6 "Oil and gas field geology"
Slide 9
The scientific and practical significance of geology lies in the fact that people use it to understand the world around them; it is theoretical basis for prospecting, exploration and development of mineral resources, used for construction work, in healthcare, agriculture, as well as to address issues of subsoil and environmental protection.
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The role of geology and its place in the system of acquired knowledge in the specialty Drilling a well is carried out according to geological and technical principles. When opening productive formations, it is necessary to use such a flushing fluid to exclude the possibility of its penetration into the formation, and to create minimal back pressure on the formation to preserve the filtration properties of the rock. Eliminate blowouts High-quality geological, geophysical and geochemical studies in wells Reliable cementing of the annulus for formation isolation - subsoil protection
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Geology has several areas: Sciences that study the material composition of the Earth. Crystallography is the science of internal structure crystalline minerals. Mineralogy is the science of minerals. Petrography is the science of rocks. Geochemistry is the science that studies the chemical elements that make up the Earth, their distribution and migration.
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Sciences that study the history of the Earth. Stratigraphy is the science that studies the sequence of occurrence of layers. Paleontology is the science that studies fossil organic remains. Historical geology is a science that reconstructs the geological history of the Earth.
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Sciences that study the processes occurring on the surface of the Earth and in its interior. Dynamic geology is a science that studies geological processes, the earth's crust and the appearance of the Earth as a whole. Geotectonics is a science that studies the structure of the earth's crust and the history of the development of tectonic structures. Hydrogeology is the science of groundwater.