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Roman number 17. Roman numerals

What are Roman numerals? These are the numbers that were used by the ancient Romans in a non-positional number system. Roman numerals have several interesting features and one of them is that if a smaller number comes before a larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one, and if a smaller one comes after the larger one, then those numbers are added.

Roman numerals are still used today. For example, they are often used in dials or when writing stories, poems, problems, etc. Today we’ll talk about how to write Roman numerals on the keyboard.

Latin letters

First, let's remember how Roman numerals are designated:

1 - I

5 - V

10 - X

50 - L

100 - C

500 - D

1000 - M

Formally, Latin letters are used for designation, so they can be used to represent Roman numerals. To do this, I will give a few examples so that you can understand.

Let's take the number 1 - this is the Latin letter I (capital letter i on the English layout).

2.3 - II and III, respectively.

4 is a combination of letters IV. You didn’t forget, did you forget that in this case the smaller one is subtracted from the larger number?

5 - V.

6 - VI. In a particular case, the numbers add up.

7.8 - VII and VIII, respectively.

9, 11 - IX and XI, respectively.

10 - X.

21 - XXI.

24, 26 - XXIV and XXVI.

34 - XXXIV.

51 - LI.

378 - CCCLXXVIII.

In general, I think the essence is clear to you. Using Roman numerals is not difficult at all, if you do not forget the rules of construction.

ASCII codes

If you don't want to use Latin letters, you can use ASCII - this is a table in which you can find printable and non-printable numeric codes. It is available on any Windows operating system.

To use the codes, you need to do the following: enable Num Lock mode if it is disabled (this is a button on the keyboard).

Then press and hold the ALT key and type the appropriate combination of numbers on the secondary keyboard.

73 - I

86 - V

88 - X

76 - L

67 - C

68 - D

77 - M

This method is not very convenient, so it is easier to use capital letters.

To denote numbers in the Latin language, combinations of the following seven characters are accepted: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).

To remember the letter designations of numbers in descending order, a mnemonic rule was invented:

We Give Juicy Lemons, Vsem Ix (respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I) will be enough.

If the sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of the sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller number should be added to the larger one, if on the left, then subtract, namely:

VI - 6, i.e. 5+1
IV - 4, i.e. 5 - 1
XI - 11, i.e. 10 + 1
IX - 9, i.e. 10 - 1
LX - 60, i.e. 50 + 10
XL - 40, i.e. 50 - 10
CX - 110, i.e. 100 + 10
XC - 90, i.e. 100-10
MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 1 + 1.

Different designations for the same number are possible. For example, the number 80 can be written as LXXX (50 + 10 + 10 + 10) and as XXX (100 - 20).

To write numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.

I (1) - unus (unus)
II (2) - duo (duo)
III (3) - tres (tres)
IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor)
V (5) - quinque
VI (6) - sex (sex)
VII (7) - septera (septem)
VIII (8) - octo (octo)
IX (9) - novem (novem)
X (10) - decern (decem)
XI (11) - undecim (undecim)
XII (12) - duodecim (duodecim)
ХШ (13) - tredecim (tradecim)
XIV (14) - quattuordecim (quattuordecim)
XV (15) - quindecim (quindecim)
XVI (16) - sedecim (sedecim)
XVII (17) - septendecim (septendecim)
XVIII (18) - duodeviginti (duodeviginti)
XIX (19) - undeviginti (undeviginti)
XX (20) - viginti (viginti)
XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus
XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc.
XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta (duodetriginta)
XXIX (29) - undetriginta (undetriginta)
XXX (30) : triginta (triginta)
XL (40) - quadraginta (quadraginta)
L (5O) - quinquaginta (quinquaginta)
LX (60) - sexaginta (sexaginta)
LXX (70) - septuaginta (szltuaginta)
LXXX180) - octoginta (octoginta)
KS (90) - nonaginta (nonaginta)
C (100) centum (centum)
CC (200) - ducenti (ducenti)
CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti)
CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti)
D (500) - quingenti (quingenti)
DC (600) - sescenti (sescenti) or sexonti (sextonti)
DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti)
DCCC (800) - octingenti (octingenti)
CV (DCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti)
M (1000) - mille (mille)
MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia)
V (5000) - quinque milla (quinque milia)
X (10,000) - decem milia (decem milia)
XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia)
C (100000) - centum milia (centum milia)
XI (1,000,000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia).

If suddenly an inquisitive person asks why the Latin letters V, L, C, D, M were chosen to denote the numbers 50, 100, 500 and 1000, then we will immediately say that these are not Latin letters at all, but completely different signs.

The fact is that the basis for the Latin alphabet was the Western Greek alphabet. It is to him that the three signs L, C and M go back. Here they denoted aspirated sounds, which were not in the Latin language. When the Latin alphabet was drawn up, they turned out to be superfluous. They were adapted to represent numbers in the Latin alphabet. Later they coincided in spelling with Latin letters. Thus, the sign C (100) became similar to the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred), and M (1000) - to the first letter of the word mille (thousand). As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign F (1000), and then it began to look like a Latin letter. The sign V (5) was just the upper half of the sign X (10).

Historically, in Russia centuries are written in Roman numerals, although lately You can increasingly see the use of Arabic numerals to indicate the century. This happens due to banal illiteracy and ignorance of how to correctly write a particular century in Roman numerals, and people are also increasingly asking questions, What century is this, the 19th century in numbers?

XIX what century is this

In order not to simply answer the question posed XIX is what century? and to get rid of such questions in the future, you need to understand how Roman numerals are read. In fact, there is nothing complicated here.
So, Roman numerals are designated as follows:
I – 1
II – 2
III – 3
IV – 4
V – 5
VI – 6
VII – 7
VIII – 8
IX – 9
X – 10
It turns out that only 5 Roman numerals have an individual style, the rest are obtained by substituting I. If I is in front of the main digit, this means minus 1, if after, then plus 1.
With this knowledge, you can easily answer the question - what century is the 19th century?

XIX what century is this

And yet, what century is this? Reading these simple numbers, many break them down into 3 values - X, I, X and get some very strange century - 10 - 1 - 10, i.e. 10 thousand 110 centuries. Of course this is not the correct layout. The number XIX consists of 2 components - X and IX and is deciphered very simply - 1 and 9, i.e. it turns out 19.

Thus, the answer to the question, which century is the 19th century, will be the 19th century.

What will the remaining centuries look like written in Roman numerals?

XI – 11
XII – 12
XIII- 13
XIV – 14
XV – 15
XVI – 16
XVII – 17
XVIII – 18
XIX – 19
XX – 20

The century we live in now is referred to as XXI.

What century is this?

Many people wonder why in Russia centuries began to be denoted by Roman numerals, because everyone knows that in the same English language centuries are denoted by familiar Arabic numerals, which are known and understood by everyone, so why complicate your life?

In fact, everything is quite simple, the fact is that Roman numerals are not used exclusively in Russia and not only to indicate the century. It is believed that Roman numerals are more solemn and significant than the banal Arabic ones, known to everyone. Thus, Roman numerals have been used for centuries to designate particularly significant events or to add some solemnity and highlight.

You will be convinced that not only the century is indicated by Roman numerals quite simply, just look at the book edition of the works in several volumes, where the volumes are probably numbered with Roman numerals. In all countries, royalty was numbered with Roman numerals: Peter I, Elizabeth II, Louis XIV, etc.

In some countries, Roman numerals even indicate years, which is much more difficult than learning what century it is in the 19th century, because when hundreds and thousands are added, Roman numerals also increase by several digits - L, C, V and M. Years marked with Roman numerals, unlike centuries, look really scary, so 1984 is written as MCMLXXXIV.

All Olympic Games are also designated by Roman numerals. Thus, in 2014 of the 21st century, the XXII Winter Olympic Games were held in Sochi.
Thus, we can say that without knowing what century the 19th century is, a person deprives himself of the opportunity to freely read about various events taking place in the world.

Most likely, in the near future centuries in Russia will still be designated by traditional Arabic numerals and questions like which century is the 19th century will disappear by themselves, because the nineteenth century will be written in a way that is understandable to everyone - the 19th century.

And yet, knowing at least the first hundred Roman numerals is simply necessary for a literate person, because not only centuries are designated by them.

To denote numbers in the Latin language, combinations of the following seven characters are accepted: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).

To remember the letter designations of numbers in descending order, a mnemonic rule was invented:

M s D arim WITH face-to-face L imons, X vatit V seven I x (respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I).

If the sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of the sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller number should be added to the larger one, if on the left, then subtract, namely:

Different designations for the same number are possible. For example, the number 80 can be written as LXXX (50 + 10 + 10 + 10) and as XXX (100 - 20).

To write numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.

I (1) - unus (unus)
II (2) - duo (duo)
III (3) - tres (tres)
IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor)
V (5) - quinque
VI (6) - sex (sex)
VII (7) - septera (septem)
VIII (8) - octo (octo)
IX (9) - novem (novem)
X (10) - decem (decem)
XI (11) - undecim (undecim)
XII (12) - duodecim (duodecim)
ХШ (13) - tredecim (tradecim)
XIV (14) - quattuordecim (quattuordecim)
XV (15) - quindecim (quindecim)
XVI (16) - sedecim (sedecim)
XVII (17) - septendecim (septendecim)
XVIII (18) - duodeviginti (duodeviginti)
XIX (19) - undeviginti (undeviginti)
XX (20) - viginti (viginti)
XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus
XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc.
XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta (duodetriginta)
XXIX (29) - undetriginta (undetriginta)
XXX (30) : triginta (triginta)
XL (40) - quadraginta (quadraginta)
L (5O) - quinquaginta (quinquaginta)
LX (60) - sexaginta (sexaginta)
LXX (70) - septuaginta (szltuaginta)
LXXX180) - octoginta (octoginta)
KS (90) - nonaginta (nonaginta)
C (100) centum (centum)
CC (200) - ducenti (ducenti)
CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti)
CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti)
D (500) - quingenti (quingenti)
DC (600) - sescenti (sescenti) or sexonti (sextonti)
DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti)
DCCC (800) - octingenti (octingenti)
CV (DCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti)
M (1000) - mille (mille)
MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia)
V (5000) - quinque milla (quinque milia)
X (10,000) - decem milia (decem milia)
XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia)
C (100000) - centum milia (centum milia)
XI (1,000,000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia).

That's the whole story with these Roman numerals.

Assignment to consolidate the material covered

Pay attention to the designation of three dates. Here the birth years of Alexander Pushkin, Alexander Herzen and Alexander Blok are encrypted in Roman numerals. Decide for yourself which Alexander belongs to which date.

MDCCCXH
MDCCXCIX
MDCCCLXXX