Solar energy and its use presentation. Presentation on the topic "Using solar energy"
Slide 1
Slide 2
The sun is the source of life for everything on earth. The sun is the main source of energy on earth and the root cause that created most of our planet's other energy resources, such as reserves coal, oil, gas, wind energy and falling water, electrical energy etc. The energy of the Sun, which is mainly released in the form of radiant energy, is so great that it is difficult to even imagine.
Slide 3
In New York, even garbage collectors use solar energy. Here, in two districts, smart solar waste containers - BigBelly - have been operating for a year and a half. Using light energy converted into electricity by silicon photocells, they compact the contents.
Slide 4
There are many sources of energy on Earth, but judging by how rapidly energy prices are rising, there are still not enough of them. Many experts believe that by 2020, fuel will be required three and a half times more than today. Where to get energy?
Slide 5
Latest technology Applying a metal oxide film to a glass substrate makes it possible to create large thin-film solar modules. In America, $100 million has been allocated for just one project - the construction of a solar power plant in the Negev Desert (Israel).
Slide 6
An experimental area called “City of the Sun” has been created near the Dutch town of Herhugowaard. The roofs of the houses here are covered with solar panels. The house in the picture produces up to 25 kW. The total capacity of the “City of the Sun” is planned to be increased to 5 MW. Such houses become autonomous from the system.
Slide 7
The sun can also be used as a source of energy for vehicles. In Australia, for 19 years, annual solar electric car races have been held on the track between the cities of Darwin and Adelaide (3000 km). In 1990, Sanyo built a solar-powered airplane.
Slide 8
Under the solar roof of the WORLD (power stations and “solar houses”), a focused microwave beam can transmit energy collected by solar panels to the Earth, and can supply spaceships with it. Unlike sunlight, this microwave beam will lose no more than 2% of its energy when it “breaks down” the atmosphere. The idea was recently resurrected by David Criswell.
Slide 2
First experiments in using solar energy
In 1600, the first solar engine was created in France, running on heated air and used to pump water.
Slide 3
At the end of the 17th century. The leading French chemist A. Lavoisier created the first solar furnace, in which a temperature of 1650 ° C was reached and samples of the materials under study were heated in a vacuum and a protective atmosphere, and the properties of carbon and platinum were also studied.
Slide 4
In 1866, the Frenchman A. Mouchot built several large solar concentrators in Algeria and used them to distill water and drive pumps.
Slide 5
At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1878, A. Mouchot demonstrated a solar cooking oven in which 0.5 kg of meat could be cooked in 20 minutes.
Slide 6
In 1833, in the USA, J. Erickson built a solar air engine with a parabolic-cylindrical concentrator measuring 4.8 * 3.3 m. The first flat-plate solar energy collector was built by the Frenchman Sh.A. Tellier. It had an area of 20 m 2 and was used in a heat engine running on ammonia.
Slide 7
In 1885 A scheme for a solar installation with a flat collector for water supply was proposed, and it was mounted on the roof of an extension to the house. The first large-scale water distillation plant was built in Chile in 1871 by American engineer C. Wilson. She was in operation for 30 years, supplying drinking water for the mine.
Slide 8
In 1890, Professor V.K. Tserassky in Moscow carried out the process of melting metals with solar energy focused by a paraboloid mirror, at the focus of which the temperature exceeded 3000 ° C.
Slide 9
Tower and modular power plants
Currently, solar power plants are being built mainly of two types: tower-type solar power plants and distributed solar power plants.
Slide 10
Tower solar power plants use a central receiver with a heliostat field, providing a concentration degree of several thousand. The solar tracking system is significantly complex, as it requires rotation around two axes. The system is controlled using a computer. The main disadvantage of tower solar power plants is their high cost and large footprint.
Slide 11
Slide 12
A distribution (modular) type SES uses a large number of modules, each of which includes a parabolic-cylindrical solar radiation concentrator and a receiver located at the focus of the concentrator and used to heat the working fluid supplied to the heat engine, which is connected to an electric generator. With low power, modular solar power plants are more economical than tower ones. Modular solar power plants usually use linear solar energy concentrators with a maximum concentration degree of about 100.
Slide 13
Slide 14
Solar panels
Solar radiation energy can be converted into constant electric current through solar cells - devices consisting of thin films of silicon or other semiconductor materials. The advantage of photoelectric converters (PVCs) is due to the absence of moving parts, their high reliability and stability. Moreover, their service life is practically unlimited. They are lightweight, easy to maintain, effective use both direct and diffuse solar radiation. The disadvantage of FEP is its high cost and low efficiency.
Slide 15
Slide 16
The photoelectric effect occurs in a solar cell when it is illuminated with light in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. In a solar cell made of semiconductor silicon with a thickness of 50 microns, photons are absorbed and their energy is converted into electricity through a p-n connection.
Slide 17
Solar batteries are currently used mainly in space, and on Earth only for power supply to autonomous consumers with a power of up to 1 kW, power supply for radio navigation and low-power radio-electronic equipment, drive experimental electric vehicles and aircraft. In a number of countries, solar power plants using so-called solar ponds are being developed.
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Solar collectors and heat accumulators
The main structural element of a solar installation is the collector, in which solar energy is captured, converted into heat and heated water, air or some other coolant. There are two types of solar collectors - flat and focusing.
Slide 21
In flat-plate collectors, solar energy is absorbed without concentration, and in focusing collectors - with concentration, i.e. with an increase in the density of the incoming radiation flux.
Slide 22
Slide 23
Batteries can be classified by characteristics physical and chemical processes flowing in heat-storing materials (TAM): Capacitive-type batteries that use the heat capacity of the heated (cooled) storage material without changing its state of aggregation ( natural stone, pebbles, water, aqueous solutions of salts, etc.); Substance phase change accumulators, which use the heat of fusion (solidification) of a substance; Energy accumulators based on the release and absorption of heat during reversible chemical and photochemical reactions.
Slide 24
Slide 25
Solar water heating systems
Solar water heating installations have become quite widespread due to the simplicity of their design, reliability, quick payback. According to the principle of operation, solar water heating installations can be divided into two types: installations with natural and forced circulation of coolant. IN recent years More and more passive water heaters are being produced, which operate without a pump and therefore do not consume electricity. They are simpler in design, more reliable in operation, require almost no maintenance, and in terms of their efficiency they are practically not inferior to solar water heating systems with forced circulation.
Matveev Yuri, 9 "A" class
The sun is the main source of energy on earth and the root cause that created most of the other energy resources of our planet, such as coal reserves, oil, gas, wind and falling water energy, electrical energy, etc. The energy of the Sun, which is mainly released in the form of radiant energy, is so great that it is difficult to even imagine.
An experimental area called “City of the Sun” has been created near the Dutch town of Herhugowaard. The roofs of the houses here are covered with solar panels. The house in the picture produces up to 25 kW. The total capacity of the “City of the Sun” is planned to be increased to 5 MW. Such houses become autonomous from the system.
In Australia, for 19 years, annual solar electric car races have been held on the track between the cities of Darwin and Adelaide (3000 km). In 1990, Sanyo built a solar-powered airplane.
Under the solar roof of the WORLD (power plants and “solar houses”)
A focused microwave beam can transmit energy collected by solar panels to Earth, and can supply spacecraft with it. Unlike sunlight, this microwave beam will lose no more than 2% of its energy when it “breaks down” the atmosphere. The idea was recently resurrected by David Criswell.