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Economic systems are a historically emerged or established set of principles, rules, and legally established norms operating in a country that determine the form and content of basic economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product.

Economical systems traditional Common property Distribution in accordance with traditions Command and administrative State property Distribution in accordance with the plan Market Private property Distribution using the market mixed Private property Distributed . through markets and with the participation of the state

Mixed system economic system, based on a variety of equal forms of ownership of the means of production, in which decisions by economic entities are made independently, but under the influence of the state

Characteristics: Legislative provision of equality of different forms of ownership Combination of economic planning and economic forecasting The use by the state of predominantly indirect, economic regulators Provision by the state social protection citizens Protection of competitive principles in the country's economy Pricing based on the relationship between supply and demand with the active participation of the state in this process

Basic elements of a mixed economic system Scope of market mechanisms q Private property rights q Markets for resources and goods q Private economic initiative State control q Redistribution of income and resources q Creation of public goods q Weakening external effects

Positive and negative aspects of a mixed economy Advantages: q No shortage of goods and services q Freedom of initiative and entrepreneurship q Increasing role of the social orientation of state activities Disadvantages: q High level of unemployment and inflation q Huge role of monopolies

Models of a mixed economy - a combination of market forces and state participation in the regulation of economic processes Models of a mixed economy: American model Japanese model Swedish model German model Chinese model British model Italian model Russian model 9

The American model of a mixed economy is a liberal market-capitalist model, which assumes the priority role of private property, a market-competitive mechanism, capitalist motivations, and a high level of social differentiation.

Traits: Encouraging enrichment of the most active part of the population Helping low-income groups of the population Highest level of labor productivity Massive achievement orientation personal success Small specific gravity state ownership (10 -12%) Minimal regulatory role of the state in the economy. Such intervention, as a rule, is initiated by economic crises (30s, 70s) or a sharp economic recovery. Encouraging entrepreneurship. Small businesses provide about 80% of new jobs in the United States every year. Sharp differentiation between rich and poor. Acceptable standard of living for low-income groups of the population. 11

The Japanese model of a mixed economy is a model of regulated corporate capitalism, in which favorable opportunities for capital accumulation are combined with the active role of government regulation in the areas of programming economic development, structural, investment and foreign economic policy and with the special social significance of the corporate principle.

Features: developed planning and coordination of the activities of the government and the private sector; economic planning of the state is advisory (indicative) in nature; preservation of national traditions while borrowing best practices from other countries; barriers to wealth stratification; exceptionally high development of national self-awareness is not considered; readiness of the country's population to make certain material sacrifices for the sake of prosperity state priority of the interests of the nation over the interests of a particular person 13

The Swedish model of a mixed economy is a social democratic model that gives the state the place of supreme social power. economic power

Features: energetic participation of the state in ensuring economic stability and in the redistribution of income; implementation of a strong social policy; high level of taxation; minimal level of unemployment; relatively small differences in the incomes of various groups of the population; high level of social security for citizens; combination of relatively high rates of economic growth with high levels of employment and well-being of the population 15

The German model of a mixed economy is a model of a social market economy, which links the expansion of competitive principles with the creation of a special social infrastructure that mitigates the shortcomings of the market and capital, with the formation of a multi-layered institutional structure of subjects of social policy.

Features: providing all forms of farming (large, medium, small) with opportunities for sustainable development; implementing a strong social policy; special protection is provided to small and medium-sized farm-type enterprises; stimulating technological and organizational innovation; minimum level of unemployment active influence of the state on prices, duties, technical and technological standards high level of social security for citizens 17

Chinese model of mixed economy state regulation in the form of directional planning two-level model of economic development: - 75–80% of the economy (mainly basic sectors of the economy) operate on the basis of centralized management using both policy and economic regulators - 20–25% of enterprises (light And food industry, service sector, etc.) operate on the principles of market regulation; high rates of economic growth (at least 9–12% per year); provision of social guarantees for workers. 18

Great Britain Pre-war: The active role of government regulation. Partial nationalization of a number of industries, a unified system of public health care and social security was created. large public sector and extensive system of government regulation Post-war: limits on government intervention in the economy and allowing greater freedom to market forces. privatization of the majority state enterprises, encouragement of private entrepreneurship. control over prices, wages, and dividends was eliminated. The targeted nature of free medical care. All this has improved the efficiency and competitiveness of the British economy.

The Italian model is a unique variant of the Western European model. An extensive public sector. A highly developed large sector predominates. private business Characterized by structures left over from early capitalism, a large share of small businesses, a developing cooperative sector, and the public sector occupies key positions. The most numerous category of state-owned enterprises are joint stock companies with mixed capital. Liberal reforms did not introduce radical changes in the state of the public sector. Developed social infrastructure and high degree of social protection.

Russia Russian economy is at a complex and contradictory stage of development, designated as transitional - from an administrative-command system to a mixed one. The Russian model of a mixed economy should be based on: a variety of forms of ownership. variety of forms entrepreneurial activity. mixed economic mechanism for regulating the economy. variety of forms of distribution of the national product. The distribution system should be based on two fundamentally different, but in many ways similar distribution mechanisms. One of them is based on market methods, the second - on the principle of distribution according to work.

Slide 2

Mixed economic system

A mixed economic system is a way of organizing economic life that combines elements of a market and command economy, in which land and capital are predominantly privately owned, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant state participation.

Slide 3

We can say that a mixed economy is market economy, in which the state plays an active role.

Slide 4

In relation to modern conditions mixed economy appears in the following enlarged forms: mixed economy of developing (especially underdeveloped) countries, in which “mixing” is caused low level development and the presence of backward economic forms; mixed economy of developed countries (developed mixed economy).

Slide 5

A mixed economy is multi-sector, multi-structured in nature. Private property, which makes up the framework of the market economy, coexists and interacts with state property, the property of non-profit organizations, collective and cooperative forms of ownership. On the basis of various forms of ownership, various types of economy and entrepreneurship function, various sectors and structures of the national economy are formed.

Slide 6

The main sectors in developed countries are private sector, including the structures of medium, large and small businesses, the monopoly-oligarchic structure; state, municipal cooperative and family sectors, sector of non-profit organizations: Each sector occupies its own niche in the economy depending on how effectively it satisfies a particular need of society,

Slide 7

The mixed nature of an economy is characterized not only by the presence of various structural elements in its composition, but also by the formation of specific forms of their combination in the real economy. An example of this is private-public joint stock enterprises, contractual agreements between government agencies and private firms, social partnership etc.

Slide 8

KEY FEATURES

Scale of socialization of production Predominant form of ownership Socialization and stateization of part of the economy on a national and international scale Economic activity on the basis of collective private and state ownership

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Incentive for productive work Basic principle of production Regulation of the economy Competition Factor income The principle of matching supply and demand Active state regulation of the national economy to stimulate consumer demand and proposals, preventing crises and unemployment, etc. Eat

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Shadow economy Coordination Only for goods prohibited by the state The role of coordination of the actions of economic entities and the distribution of goods is determined by both the market mechanism and government regulation.

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Pricing Wages Social guarantees Flexible prices Set in the process of competition based on the relationship between supply and demand in the labor market, but the state sets the minimum wage Creation of public and private funds social insurance and social security

Slide 12

Today, the mixed economy is an integral system serving adequate form modern developed society. The elements that form it are based on such a level of productive forces and on such trends in socio-economic development that objectively require the addition of the market with government regulation, private economic initiative with social guarantees, as well as the inclusion of post-industrial principles in the economic structure of society. A mixed economy is not a conglomerate, although it is inferior to “pure” systems in the degree of homogeneity of its constituent elements.

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Completed by students of Group 3U15 KBS(k) Valiev Aizil, Gainanova Dilyara, Kasimova Diana Mixed economy

Slide 2: The concept of a mixed economy

A mixed economy is an economy that includes both private and corporate, as well as public or state ownership of the means of production. It allows private entrepreneurs and individuals make independent financial decisions, but their autonomy is limited by the fact that the state or society has priority in these financial matters. Mixed economy concept

Slide 3: Characteristics of a mixed economy

Within a mixed economy, both the state and private enterprises and corporations have the right to own or operate the means of production. The activities of the state are financed by taxes and excise taxes, but mainly by its own economic activities. Characteristics of a mixed economy The state also carries out regulation - labor, antimonopoly, corporate, customs; protection of intellectual property, consumer rights, and the environment.

Slide 4: Characteristics

Freedom of choice; Private property; Division of labor.

Slide 5: Market mechanism

The market mechanism connects producers and consumers, sellers and buyers, and forces them to interact. Its main elements: Price signal, Supply and demand, Competition.

Slide 6

PROS: Private property Freedom of choice Desire for development and application of new technologies CONS: Impartiality of the market Inequality of income distribution Market instability Cyclicality Inflation Unemployment

Slide 7: Sweden's mixed economy

Swedish policy clearly has two dominant goals: full employment and income equalization. The state is actively involved in ensuring economic stability and redistributing income. In the broadest sense, the Swedish model is the entire complex of socio-economic and political realities in the country with its high standard of living and wide-ranging social policy.

Slide 8: Mixed economy I am a pony

Japanese model. The formation of a modern business model took place in conditions of specific development. Having abandoned military spending, Japan concentrated all its resources for use “for peaceful purposes” and, above all, for building up economic potential in industry.

Slide 9: Germany's mixed economy

German model. It is close in its socio-economic content to the Japanese model. The distinctive features of the German economy are: 1. Strong government influence on the economy 2. Banks play a decisive role 3. Social partnership 4. Differences in wage levels