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Raw materials of non-ferrous metallurgy. The largest centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia

Plan

Introduction 2 pages

1.Structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry 3-5 pages.

2. Placement of non-ferrous metallurgy 5-8 pages.

3. Economic and geographical features of production location 8-13 pp.

Conclusion 13 pages

References 14 pages.

Introduction

The location of production is influenced by a combination of many factors. Their number and ratio, in relation to the conditions of a particular time and place, may be different. Factors of production location are dynamic. Changes in their composition and character occur due to changes in factors. Their number and ratio depend on the characteristics of the economic system of society and the nature of the social system as a whole, the progressive development of scientific and technological progress, the economic and geographical conditions of a particular territory and many others.

In the course of locating production across the territory of Russia, it is also important to take into account the evolution of ideas about social production characteristic of the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It can no longer be identified exclusively with the sphere of material or material production. More and more specific gravity In the economy of most countries, the sphere of intangible production, or, as it is sometimes called, the service sector, is beginning to acquire. She must enter with full right social production, since it is important for society to produce not only the means of life, but also to carry out the production of life itself in all its forms. That is why such areas as healthcare, education, information services, and others are becoming increasingly important as part of social production. Objects representing these and other spheres of social production are also subject to placement in geographic space with all the laws inherent in this process.

1.Structure of non-ferrous metallurgy and features of the industry

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, that is, a set of interconnected industries and stages of the production process from the extraction of raw materials to production finished products- ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex industry. It carries out mining operations for the extraction of minerals; their enrichment, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates; production of sulfuric acid and other sulfur-containing products, soda-containing products, mineral fertilizers, cement, etc.; processing of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals and their alloys into products and semi-finished products (pipes, rolled products, hard alloys); processing of scrap and waste of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals; production of carbon products (carbon and graphite electrodes, etc.); repair production for industry-specific equipment; ensuring development social sphere in remote and uninhabited areas.

We can highlight the mining industry, including beneficiation of mined ores, metallurgical processing of ores and concentrates, metalworking, auxiliary industries - repair and engineering. Next, there are 14 industrial sub-sectors, which include enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership:

Aluminum. Extraction of bauxite and other aluminum-containing raw materials; production of alumina, aluminum, gallium and fluoride salts, chemical products and construction materials;

Copper. Mining and beneficiation of ore, production of crude and refined copper, rare metals, sulfuric acid, mineral fertilizers, building materials;

Lead-zinc. Mining and beneficiation of ore, production of lead, zinc, cadmium, rare and precious metals, as well as chemical products and building materials;

Nickel-cobalt. Mining and beneficiation of ore, production of nickel and cobalt, copper, rare and precious metals, chemical products, mineral wool and other building materials;

Titanium-magnesium. Extraction and enrichment of titanium raw materials, production of titanium, magnesium and their derivatives;

Tungsten-molybdenum. Extraction and enrichment of tungsten-molybdenum ore, production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrates and industrial products;

Tin. Mining and beneficiation of ore and production of tin;

Antimony-mercury. Extraction and enrichment of antimony and mercury ores, production of antimony, mercury and their compounds;

Rare metals and semiconductor materials. Extraction and enrichment of rare metal ores and semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds and products made from them;

Precious metals. Extraction and processing of gold ores and sands, production of precious metals and alloys, secondary processing of precious metals;

Processing of non-ferrous metals. Production of all types of rolled products and pipes from non-ferrous metals and alloys;

Secondary non-ferrous metals. Collection and primary processing scrap and waste and smelting of secondary non-ferrous metals;

Electrode. Production of carbon and graphite electrode products;

Hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals. Production of hard alloys, refractory and heat-resistant metals, non-grindable plates and rolled products from heat-resistant and hard alloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy as an industry has a number of features that certainly influence the efficiency of its functioning:

Non-ferrous metallurgy is the most material-intensive industry. It processes polymetallic raw materials, which are poor in the content of useful components and have a complex material composition. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises often process ores with a valuable component content of 0.3-2.1% (ores of the main heavy non-ferrous metals) and from hundredths to 0.5% (ores of rare and alloying metals). Only aluminum production is based on richer raw materials: the richest bauxite contains 40-45% alumina. However, the share of such raw materials is constantly decreasing. Over 300 tons of ore are consumed to produce 1 ton of tin; 1 ton of nickel - 200 tons of ore; 1 t of copper - 100 t of ore.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a fuel- and electricity-intensive industry. The most fuel-intensive are the production of copper, nickel, cobalt, and lead. When producing aluminum, 18,000-20,000 kW/h is required, while electric smelting of nickel requires over 30,000 kW/h of electricity. (For comparison, the electricity consumption for smelting 1 ton of steel is 500 kW/h).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by high labor costs.

Ores processed at non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are, as a rule, polymetallic. Therefore, one of the main features of non-ferrous metallurgy is the complexity of processing raw materials.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by multi-stage technological processes. The full cycle involves the extraction of ore, its beneficiation, metallurgical processing, and metal processing.

The efficiency of production activities in non-ferrous metallurgy depends on the natural raw material factor.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a high environmental hazard of production.

The features of non-ferrous metallurgy also include high capital intensity, capital intensity, and a long construction and installation cycle.

2.Location of non-ferrous metallurgy

This industry includes the extraction and beneficiation of non-ferrous, precious and rare metal ores, metal smelting, refining, production of alloys and rolled products.

Russia is a country with a powerful non-ferrous metallurgy. The main distinguishing feature of the industry in our country is its development based on the use of its own large and varied resources. Russia occupies a prominent place in the world in terms of reserves of the most important types of non-ferrous metals. All branches of non-ferrous metallurgy have been created. About a million tons of non-ferrous metals are exported annually.

Unlike ferrous metallurgy, the cost of products produced in non-ferrous metallurgy is very high, which affects the location of the industry. The high cost of non-ferrous metals and products made from them allows them to be obtained far beyond the main consumer areas with a developed engineering industry. Transportation costs increase the cost of non-ferrous metallurgy products for consumers to a much lesser extent than when transporting ferrous metals.

The location of non-ferrous metals production is greatly influenced by technical progress in the industry. As a result of using the latest enrichment methods, it is possible to obtain concentrates with a metal content of 40-60% and higher. Thus, copper ores have a copper content of no more than 5%; its content in the concentrate increases to 35%. Lead-zinc ores contain no more than 6% of lead, in concentrate - up to 78%, etc. Therefore, the extraction and beneficiation of ores, which accounts for at least 3/4 of all costs for obtaining non-ferrous metals, is increasingly turn into an independent production process. Its importance increases as poorer ores are involved in production. The large volume of work associated with the extraction of non-ferrous metal ores and their enrichment, the capital intensity of these processes, as a result of which an expensive concentrate is obtained, allows for its further metallurgical processing outside the areas of semi-product production.

The possibility of a territorial separation between the processes of obtaining concentrates and smelting the non-ferrous metals themselves is also due to the high energy intensity of obtaining many of them. The production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, rough copper, and zinc by the distillation method requires a large consumption of process fuel (sometimes up to 50 tons of standard fuel per 1 ton of finished product). The refining of these metals and the smelting of most other non-ferrous metals are associated with the consumption of electrical energy (from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished product). Therefore, it is not always profitable to create energy-intensive production facilities for smelting non-ferrous metals in the regions and centers of ore mining and the production of concentrates. Relatively non-energy-intensive zinc production can be created in areas where concentrate is produced, and its refining and smelting of most other non-ferrous metals can be done in areas of cheap energy and fuel.

A feature of non-ferrous metal ores is their complex composition, which can be different not only in different deposits, but even within the same deposit in different areas of ore mining. Polymetallic ores, in addition to the main components - lead and zinc, also contain other non-ferrous metals (copper), noble (gold, silver), rare and trace metals (selenium, cadmium, bismuth, etc.). The same thing occurs in copper, nickel and other ores. The content of a number of components is small, which makes it profitable to further process on site only one of the main components, and others - at specialized enterprises in other areas. The extraction of noble, rare and trace metals is carried out, as a rule, in the process of refining non-ferrous metals in specialized plants, often located outside the areas of not only ore mining, but also metal smelting.

In some cases, it is cost-effective to combine the processes of mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting a number of associated metals and their refining at one point. This leads to intra-industry combinations in non-ferrous metallurgy. A number of enterprises (mining and metallurgical plants) are organized according to this principle.

In non-ferrous metallurgy, its inter-industry combination with the chemical industry has also acquired great importance. The basis for it is most often the use of sulfur compounds of non-ferrous metals, during the firing of which a significant amount of sulfur compounds is released. This determines the profile of enterprises (Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant), which, in addition to metal, produce sulfuric acid and sulfur. The abundance of cheap sulfuric acid at non-ferrous metallurgy plants makes it profitable to create there, on the basis of imported raw materials (apatite concentrate or phosphorites), the production of phosphate fertilizers (Krasnouralsk and Sredneuralsk copper smelters, Volkhov aluminum smelter, etc.). 1

A number of non-ferrous metallurgy plants that use ores containing potassium (carnallite, etc.) to produce metallic magnesium (Bereznikovsky titanium-magnesium plants, Kalushsky and Solikamsky magnesium plants) produce potassium chloride, a highly concentrated fertilizer, as waste. Increasingly, when processing such ores, waste chlorine is also utilized along the way - one of the most important types of raw materials for various branches of the chemical industry. In the process of processing nephelines, waste produces soda products - soda ash and potash, alunites - sulfuric acid, potash fertilizers, etc. 2

The possibility and necessity of complex processing of non-ferrous metal ores, the organization of intra-industry and inter-industry combinations lead to a large increase in the size of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The processes of mining and beneficiation of ore, as well as the smelting of some metals, are water-intensive. Chemical production organized at such plants is even more water-intensive. Meanwhile, most non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in water-scarce areas (North Caucasus, Urals). This greatly influences the size and composition of the industry's enterprises.

Non-ferrous metallurgy produces a variety of physical and chemical properties construction materials. This heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

The dynamics of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products are presented in Table 4.2.

By stages technological process Non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their mandatory enrichment (usually by flotation). Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is isolated sequentially (this is a multi-stage process). Enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and converted into the so-called rough metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities (refining). The resulting refined metal is used in the form of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium); precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).

Area of use of non-ferrous metals:

Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, electric power and other industries, both in its pure form and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminum (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel);

Lead is used in the production of batteries, cables, and is used in the nuclear industry;

Tin is used to make tinplate, bearings, etc.;

Nickel is one of the refractory metals - many valuable alloys are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloy steels, as well as in the application of protective coatings to metal products;

Aluminum is used in various branches of mechanical engineering, incl. aircraft manufacturing, electrical engineering, as well as in construction and for the production of consumer goods;

Magnet - in radio engineering, aviation, chemical, printing and other industries;

Titanium - in shipbuilding, as well as in the manufacture of jet engines, nuclear reactors etc.

In terms of gold reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, and in terms of production it has moved from second to sixth place. South Africa produces about 583 tons of gold annually, and Russia produces a little more than 100 tons. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Silver is obtained by refining heavy metals. It is used in the manufacture jewelry and in industry (in the production of film and photographic films).

The location of enterprises for the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.
Posted on ref.rf
Ores of heavy non-ferrous metals differ from light ores in their low metal content. Thus, ores containing copper, nickel, lead - about 1%, tin - less than 1% are considered industrial. To produce 1 ton of copper, 100 tons of ore are required, 1 ton of tin requires 300 tons of ore. Another feature of heavy non-ferrous metal ores is their completeness; in this regard, the calibration of enterprises is of particular interest.

Even more complex territorial combinations different industries arise in the production of light non-ferrous metals. Thus, with the complex processing of nephelines, alumina (and subsequently aluminum), soda, potash and cement are obtained from this type of raw material (combined with enterprises of the chemical industry and the production of building materials).

Most important role in the location of enterprises for the smelting of light non-ferrous metals, it is not the raw materials, but the fuel and energy factor that plays a role.
Posted on ref.rf
Light metal ores are significantly richer in metal content than ores heavy metals, but their smelting requires a huge amount of electricity.

However, raw materials and energy factors have different effects on the location of enterprises in individual branches of non-ferrous metallurgy. Even in the same industry, their role varies depending on the stage of the technological process.

Table - Territorial and raw material characteristics of heavy non-ferrous metal enterprises

Industry type	Economic region	Industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base

Copper	Ural	Revda, Kirovograd, Kras-nouralsk, Karabash, Mednogorsk	Black copper production
Copper	Ural	Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kyshtym	Copper refining	Copper ores of the Urals (deposits: Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gaiskoye, etc.) and concentrates from Kazakhstan
Northern	Monchegorsk		Copper-nickel ores of the Kola Peninsula
East Siberian	Norilsk	Complete metallurgical cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Lead-zinc	North Caucasian	Vladikavkaz	Lead and zinc smelting	Local polymetallic (Sadon) and imported ores
Ural	Chelyabinsk	Zinc smelting	Copper-nickel ores of the Urals and imported concentrates
West Siberian	Belovo	Lead and zinc smelting	Local polymetallic ores (Salair) and ores of East Kazakhstan
	Far Eastern	Dalne-gorek	Lead smelting	Polymetallic ores of the Far East
Nickel-cobalt	East Siberian	Norilsk	Complete metallurgical cycle
	Ural	Orsk, Verkhniy Ufaley	Complete metallurgical cycle	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the Southern Urals and Kazakhstan)
	Northern	Dir	Intermediate product	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the southern Urals and Kazakhstan)
		Nickel	Intermediate product
		Monchegorsk	Complete metallurgical cycle	Local ores of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk
Tin	West Siberian	Novosibirsk	Smelting of tin and alloys	Concentrates from state-owned processing plants (GOK) of Yakutia and the Far East

Table - Territorial raw materials characteristics of light non-ferrous metals enterprises

Industry type	Economic region	Industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base
I
Aluminum	Northwestern	Volkhov	Full cycle (alumina-nosemo-aluminum	Tikhvin bauxite deposit in Leningrad region.
Northwestern	Boxito-gorsk	Alumina production	Severonezhsk bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region; nephelines of the Murmansk region.
Pikalevo	Alumina production
Northern	Nadvoitsy	Aluminum smelting
Kandalaksha	Aluminum smelting
Ural	Kamensk-Uralsk	Full cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Krasno-Turinsk	Full cycle	North Ural bauxites (Sverdlovsk region), South Ural bauxites (Chelyabinsk region)
Povolzhsky	Volgograd	Aluminum smelting	Imported raw materials
West Siberian	Novokuznetsk	Aluminum smelting	Nephelines, Kemerovo region. And Krasnoyarsk Territory
East Siberian	Bratsk, Shelekhov, Sayanogorsk, Krasnoyarsk	Aluminum smelting	Local nepheline of the Krasnoyarsk region.

Continuation of Table 4.4

Aluminum industry of the Russian Federation uses its own and imported raw materials. The raw materials resources of Russia are represented by bauxite, which is mined in the Urals (near the cities of Severouralsk, Suleya) and in the North-Western economic region (Tikhvinskoye deposit in the Leningrad region), as well as nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (near the city of Kirovsk) and Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit) . Also, raw materials for the Russian aluminum industry are imported (both bauxite and alumina).

The geography of the location of aluminum smelters is varied, but almost all of them (with the exception of the Ural ones) are to some extent removed from raw materials, but are located near sources of cheap electricity - hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelkhov, Krasnoyarsk , Soyanogorsk) or large power plants operating on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).

Before the merger of the Irkutsk and Ural aluminum smelters (in 1996), the production of primary aluminum in Russia was carried out by 11 plants with a total capacity of more than 3 million tons of metal per year. Currently, more than 75% of the industry's output comes from four large aluminum smelters: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuznetsk. Moreover, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters are among the largest in the world in terms of production volume.

Compared to other sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry experienced the smallest drop in production. During the 90s, the volume of production of primary aluminum decreased slightly.

Our country is still in the group of world leaders both in the production of primary aluminum (second place after the USA) and in the smelting of aluminum from secondary raw materials (along with the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and the UK) and is among the top six countries exporting primary aluminum in the world.

Copper industry. The main deposits of copper ores in Russia (copper pyrites) are located in the Urals: Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibaiskoye, as well as the best deposit in the country, Gayskoye, whose ores contain an average of 4% copper. In the future, it is planned to develop the unique Udokan copper ore deposit in Siberia.

Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw materials. Enterprises specializing in this stage of production are located either where there is metallurgical processing (factories in the Ural economic region) or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc industry is characterized by a more complex location of production, but is generally confined to areas of distribution and mining of polymetallic ores. These are the North Caucasus (Sadonskoye field), Western Siberia - Kuzbass (Salairskoye field), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsky fields of the Chita region) and the Far East - Primorsky Territory (Dalnegorsk, Khrustalny). Ore beneficiation and metallurgical limit are often separated from each other, since lead-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are quite transportable.

Transbaikalia is the leading region for the production of lead-zinc concentrates without metallurgical processing; for the production of metal lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbass (Belovo); for lead and zinc smelting - North Caucasus (Sa-don); for the production of metallic zinc from imported concentrates - Ural (Chelyabinsk).

Nickel industry was developed: in the Northern economic region (Monchegorsk) on the basis of explored nickel deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; in the Urals (Verkhny Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh) - on local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on copper-nickel ores of the Talnakh deposit in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Taimyr Autonomous Okrug).

In the 90s, the production of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products, with the exception of lead smelting, greatly decreased: for lead smelting compared With 1990 ᴦ. by more than 50%, tin, zinc, nickel - by 35-40%, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 2017, 2018.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is characterized by a complex production structure (produces about 70 various metals), high availability of own resources. The industry's export orientation is also characteristic. Russia's share in the world production and export of aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, tin, gold and diamonds is especially large. The level of territorial concentration of production is high.

Most of the industry's output comes from

Ural region(copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, etc.),

East Siberian region(aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.),

Far Eastern region(gold, tin, diamonds, etc.)

Northern region(copper, nickel, etc.).

In the location of non-ferrous metallurgy, a special role belongs to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. The influence of these factors affects the location of different branches of non-ferrous metallurgy differently.

Copper industry mainly developed in areas with large reserves of copper ore in the Ural, East Siberian and Northern regions. The exception is copper refining, which has little to do with sources of raw materials.

Copper industry of the Urals presented ore mining on Gaisky and Blavinsky ( Orenburg region), Krasnouralsk and Revdinsk (Sverdlovsk region), Sibaisk, Podolsk and Yubilein (Republic of Bashkortostan) fields; blister copper smelting on Krasnouralsky, Kirovogradsky, Revdinsky (all in Sverdlovsk region), Mednogorsk (Orenburg region) and Karabash (Chelyabinsk region) factories; copper refining at the Verkhnepyshminsky (Sverdlovsk region) and Kyshtymsky (Chelyabinsk region) plants. Metallurgical processing in the Urals significantly exceeds the extraction and enrichment of copper ores. Therefore, they use not only local, but also imported concentrates (from the Kola Peninsula, from Kazakhstan). Local copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry.

In Eastern Siberia in the north of the Chita region near the station. Chara is developing the Udokan copper ore deposit, which is unique in terms of reserves (more than 1.2 billion tons of ore) and quality (up to 17% copper in the ore). The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, uses copper-nickel ores from local deposits (Norilsk, Talnakh and Oktyabrsky) and produces, along with copper smelting, nickel, cobalt, platinum and other metals.

In the Northern region Copper-nickel ores are mined and processed on the Kola Peninsula. Their metallurgical processing is completed by plants in Monchegorsk and Nikel (Murmansk region).

Outside the areas of blister copper production, focusing on the consumer, copper refining enterprises are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino (Vladimir region) and other cities.

In addition to Russia, Kazakhstan (Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan and Irtysh copper smelters), Uzbekistan (Almalyk smelter), and Armenia (Alaverdi smelter) stand out in the CIS for copper production.

Nickel-cobalt industry due to the low metal content in the ore (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt) it is also closely related to the areas where raw materials are mined. In addition to the above-mentioned mining sites and processing centers of copper-nickel raw materials in the Northern region and Eastern Siberia, nickel ores are mined and processed in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh).

Lead-zinc industry developed mainly near places of occurrence and extraction of raw materials (polymetallic ores)

in Vladikavkaz (Sadon group of polymetallic ore deposits in North Ossetia in the North Caucasus),

in Belovo (Salairskoye field in the Kemerovo region in Western Siberia),

in Nerchinsk (Nerchinsky fields in the Chita region in Eastern Siberia),

in Dalnegorsk (Dalnegorskoye field in the Primorsky Territory in the Far East).

In the Urals in Chelyabinsk, zinc smelting is based on the use of not only local zinc concentrates (produced in Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk region as a result of complex processing of local copper ores), but also imported ones.

Aluminum industry is represented in Russia at all stages of production: extraction and enrichment of raw materials, alumina production, smelting (from alumina) of aluminum metal.

Raw material base of the industry form bauxite and nepheline. Bauxite is mined in the North-Western (Boksitogorsk), Northern (North-Onega deposit in the Arkhangelsk region, Timan in the Komi Republic) and Ural (North-Ural deposit) regions. Nephelines are mined in the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny deposit), in Western Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit) and Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk).

Alumina production is located in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky), the North-West (Boksitogorsk, Volkhov and Pikalevo), in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk), in the Northern region (Plesetsk). Domestic production provides only about half of the existing needs for alumina; the rest of the alumina is exported from neighboring countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) and beyond (Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela, etc.).

Aluminum metal production located

near energy sources: hydroelectric power plants (Volkhov, Volgograd, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk), large thermal power plants (Novokuznetsk in Western Siberia),

in places of extraction and processing of raw materials(Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy).

Of the total aluminum production in Russia, almost 80% comes from the East Siberian region alone. In the CIS countries, the production of aluminum metal is in Azerbaijan (Sumgait), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar), and Ukraine (Zaporozhye).

Production of titanium and magnesium carried out at the sources of raw materials in the Urals (Bereznikovsky and Solikamsky titanium-magnesium plants in the Perm region).

Tin industry. Tin mining and enrichment is carried out in Eastern Siberia (Sherlovaya Gora in the Chita region) and in the Far East (Deputatskoye, Odinokoye, etc. in Yakutia; Pravourminskoye, Sobolinoye, etc. in the Khabarovsk Territory, and other deposits).

Metallurgical processing in the tin industry, due to the high transportability of enriched ore (the concentrate contains up to 70% tin), it is not associated with ore deposits, but is focused on areas of consumption (for example, Podolsk, St. Petersburg) or is located along the route of concentrates (for example, Novosibirsk) .

Gold mining industry provides more than 100 tons of gold per year, which is 7-8% of world production. Only South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia have larger production volumes. The vast majority (more than 85%) of Russian gold production comes from Far East (Republic of Sakha and Magadan region) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk and Chita regions). A small amount of gold is produced by the Ural, West Siberian and Northern regions.

Diamond mining industry. Russia's share in the world production of jewelry diamonds is approximately 25%. Their production is almost entirely concentrated in Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where in the river basin. There are several large mines in Vilyui (“Yubileiny”, “Udachny”, etc.). Very promising Northern region (the largest diamond mine in Europe named after Lomonosov in the Arkhangelsk region is being developed) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region).

Main directions of transportation of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are the material basis of mechanical engineering, construction, transport, other sectors of the economy and the defense industry of the country. To produce 1 ton of metal, it is necessary to transport up to 6 tons of ore, fluxes, refractories and other materials.

In general, transportation to ensure the operation of ferrous metallurgy enterprises and the delivery of its products to consumers accounts for at least 20% of the total cargo turnover railways.

Iron Ore represented on the territory of Russia is represented by the Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Urals, South Yakutia, etc.

Iron ore is usually transported within the major economic areas in which it is mined:

Kursk ores to the Southern Urals,

East Siberian ores to Western Siberia, etc.

Flows of iron ore in southern directions are increasing (due to the transportation of Kursk ores to Tula and Lipetsk plants).

Mass transportation of Kola ore is carried out over considerable distances (for example, to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant).

A significant flow of Ural ore is sent from the Baikal station to Chelyabinsk. Kursk ore is also sent to metallurgical plants in the Urals.

Kuzbass metallurgical plants receive iron ore from Novokuznetsk.

Transport flows of iron ore are associated with the nature of the location of ore bases and metallurgical plants, the quality of ore, and the features of metallurgical production technology.

Are increasing river transportation iron ore along the Volga-Baltic Canal and maritime transport iron ore in the Black and Azov Seas.

Of all types of metallurgical industry products, the largest share in transportation is rolled metal.

Ferrous metals transported almost entirely by rail. The share of river and sea transport in the transportation of ferrous metals is 3% of the total shipment volume.

In terms of flow power, ferrous metals are inferior to coal, oil, timber and some other bulk cargo. Only in the areas of metallurgical bases does rail transportation of ferrous metals reach significant sizes.

A large amount of ferrous metals is sent to St. Petersburg from the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant and enterprises in the Urals.

In Perm, Ural metal is transshipped to the Kama with further passage to the Volga.

Ore deposits non-ferrous metals located in the Far East, Northern Siberia, the Urals, Transbaikalia, the Kola Peninsula, etc.

For the location of non-ferrous metallurgy, the proximity of sources of ore raw materials and cheap electrical energy(Ural Aluminum, copper smelters, zinc plants in Chelyabinsk, nickel enterprises in Orsk, Norilsk, etc.). Therefore, freight flows of non-ferrous metals and ore raw materials for numerous non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are of noticeable size on many railways (West Siberian, East Siberian, Oktyabrskaya, South Ural, Krasnoyarsk).

Within the coal and metallurgical bases on many sections of the railways, large volumes are also transported. fluxes, refractory materials, molding sands over relatively short distances.

Mechanical engineering One of the main branches of world industry, it accounts for about 35% of the value of world industrial output. Among industries, mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive production. Instrument making, electrical engineering and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering and other industries that produce complex equipment are particularly labor-intensive. In this regard, one of the main conditions placement mechanical engineering is to ensure its qualified labor force, the presence of a certain level production culture, research and development centers. Proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler making, etc.). The location of mechanical engineering enterprises is directly dependent on the nature of the products produced. Mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread territorial industries. But in some areas it has priority importance, while in others it only complements the industrial complex.

Factors influencing placement efficiency mechanical engineering enterprises:

specialization;

availability of qualified personnel,

proximity to sources of raw materials and consumers;

volume of transport work and transportation costs

Priority areas of development mechanical engineering:

1) production of machinery and equipment for the agricultural-industrial complex (light industry, medical equipment, consumer goods):

2) development of the electric power and electrical engineering industry, production computer technology, instrument making and machine tool manufacturing

Mechanical engineering of the world

In the world's mechanical engineering, a dominant position is occupied by a small group of countries: the USA (30% of the value of engineering products), Japan 15%, Germany about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. In these countries, almost all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed, their share in the world export of machinery is high (in general, over 80% of the world export of machinery and equipment). With an almost complete range of engineering products, the key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to

aerospace industry,

microelectronics,

robotics,

nuclear power engineering,

machine tool industry,

heavy engineering,

automotive industry.

The group of leaders in global mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the value of mechanical engineering products), China (3%), as well as Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc.

The mechanical engineering industry of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico is based on the low cost of local labor, and specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass-produced, labor-intensive, technically uncomplicated, low-quality products. Among the enterprises here there are many purely assembly plants that receive complete sets of machines in disassembled form and carry out assembly. The main directions of development of mechanical engineering in these countries are the production of household electrical appliances, automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is divided into: general, including machine tool building, heavy mechanical engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport mechanical engineering and electrical engineering, including electronics.

The largest manufacturers and exporters of products general mechanical engineering : Germany, USA and Japan. The main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market are Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland.

World leaders in the field electrical engineering and electronics : USA, Japan, Russia, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands. Production of household electrical appliances and products consumer electronics developed in the countries of East and Southeast Asia.

Among industries transport engineering most dynamically developing automotive industry . The area of its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional, main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), the countries of South Korea that are relatively new to the industry Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

Unlike the automobile industry, aircraft manufacturing, shipbuilding, and the production of railway rolling stock are experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding. The largest manufacturers of ships were South Korea (ahead of Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, and Taiwan. At the same time, the United States and Western European countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in ship production, ceased to play a significant role in global shipbuilding.

Aviation industry concentrated in countries with a high level of science and workforce qualifications (USA, Russia, France, UK, Germany, the Netherlands).

IN territorial structure There are four main regions of global mechanical engineering North America, foreign Europe, East and Southeast Asia and the CIS.

On North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) accounts for approximately 1/3 of the cost of mechanical engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly complex machines, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries. Thus, in the USA (which occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the total value of mechanical engineering products), a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

On European countries (without the CIS) also accounts for about 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering products. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all types, but is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine tool building, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watchmaking and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, and transport engineering (automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding). Leader of European mechanical engineering Germany largest exporter in the region and the world of general engineering products.

Region including countries East and Southeast Asia , provides approximately a quarter of the world's mechanical engineering output. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region is Japan, the second engineering power in the world, the largest exporter of products from the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries (China, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc.) produce labor-intensive but less complex products ( household electrical appliances, cars, sea vessels etc.) and are also very actively involved in working for the foreign market.

A special region of world mechanical engineering is formed by CIS countries . They have a full range of engineering production. The branches of the military-industrial complex, the aviation and rocket-space industries, consumer electronics, and certain simple branches of general mechanical engineering (production of agricultural machinery, metal-intensive machine tools, power equipment, etc.) have received especially great development here. At the same time, there is a serious lag in a number of industries, especially knowledge-intensive ones. The leader of the CIS, Russia, despite the enormous opportunities for the development of mechanical engineering (significant production, scientific, technical, intellectual and resource potential, a capacious domestic market demanding great demand for a variety of engineering products, etc.), in the international division of labor stands out only for the production of weapons and the latest space technology and is even forced to import many types of machines.

Among the CIS countries in the field of mechanical engineering, the following also stand out:

Ukraine(production of heavy machine tools, metallurgical and mining equipment Kramatorsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Mariupol; shipbuilding Nikolaev, Kherson; automotive industry Zaporozhye, Kremenchug, Lvov; diesel locomotive and car building Lugansk, Dneprodzerzhinsk; tractor building Kharkov; combine harvester building Kherson; precision engineering Kyiv, Kharkov, Lvov).

Belarus(precision engineering, automotive, tractor manufacturing Minsk; agricultural engineering Gomel).

Uzbekistan(production of cotton harvesters Tashkent),

Azerbaijan(equipment for oil and gas industry Baku, Kirovabad).

Outside the main engineering regions, there are mechanical engineering centers in India, Brazil, and Argentina that are quite large in scale and complexity of their production structures. Their mechanical engineering mainly works for the domestic market. These countries export cars, sea vessels, bicycles, and simple types of household appliances(refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

The Russian non-ferrous metallurgy produces structural materials with a variety of physical and chemical properties. This heavy industry includes the copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their mandatory enrichment. Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is separated sequentially. Enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and converted into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities in rolled products of various profiles in different industries.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy, due to its export orientation, recent years experienced less of a decline in production in industries serving the domestic market. It is higher than in other heavy industries wages. But the cost of production is significantly affected by changes in electricity tariffs, since production is characterized by high energy intensity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy has its own specifics.

1. The industry is characterized by a high concentration of production. Monopolistic enterprises make up 12% of the total number of enterprises.

2. This is an environmentally harmful production. In terms of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other industries that include the mining industry.

3. non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have the highest costs associated with fuel consumption and transport transportation. Moreover, in recent years, due to rising prices for resources and transport, the state’s strict foreign exchange policy, and huge taxes, the share of costs for fuel and energy has increased from 16 to 40%, and the share transport costs increased from 6 to 20%.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the widespread use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into extraction and enrichment of feedstock, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. Originality resource base lies in the extremely low content of extracted metal in the original ore.

Due to the fact that in non-ferrous metallurgy it is necessary to extract much more than in ferrous metallurgy, rocks per unit of finished product, and due to the significant capital intensity of the mining and enrichment process carried out in mining areas, significant importance is attached to the open-pit mining method of non-ferrous metal ore deposits (more than 2/3 of all deposits). Obtaining expensive concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and direct metallurgical processing.

The peculiarity of the technological process for obtaining non-ferrous metals is that metallurgical processing is an energy-intensive process, sometimes requiring up to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished product, therefore it is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel, which also becomes one of the reasons for the territorial gap between stages production.

Non-ferrous metal ores have a multicomponent composition. For example, polymetallic ores, in addition to lead and zinc, contain copper, cadmium, selenium, bismuth, gold, silver, etc. Moreover, many “satellites” are significantly more valuable than the main components and sometimes do not form independent deposits. Consequently, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the integrated use of raw materials and industrial intra-industry combination is of great importance.

Most deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are characterized by complex mining and geological development conditions and harsh natural and geographical conditions of the areas where they are located. The quality of ores (except for copper and nickel) are characterized by lower indicators compared to foreign analogues.

The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous.

Aluminum industry produces light non-ferrous metal. As raw materials it uses bauxite, deposits of which are located in the North-West, North, Urals, Eastern Siberia, as well as nephelines, deposits of which are located in the North, Western Siberia. Every year, 3 million tons of alumina and bauxite are imported for the aluminum industry, which indicates a shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials. At the same time, Russia has huge reserves of nephelines, but the production of alumina from them is associated with large expenditures of energy resources.

The technological process for producing aluminum consists of the following main stages: extraction and enrichment of raw materials, production of intermediate alumina, production of aluminum metal. Each stage of the technological process is influenced by various factors placement. The extraction and enrichment of raw materials, as well as the production of alumina, as material-intensive processes, gravitate towards sources of raw materials. In the production of aluminum metal, a large amount of mass and cheap energy is consumed, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role.

Alumina production and the production of metallic aluminum may coincide geographically. Most of the alumina is produced in the European part of the country: in Boksitogorsk, based on Tikhvin bauxites, in Volkhv and Pikalevna, Khabinsky nephelines, in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, North Ural bauxites are used.

Copper industry- one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in our country. Its development began in the 18th century in the Urals. Copper has long remained one of the most consumed non-ferrous metals. Modern technology The copper industry is based on three stages: mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting of blister copper, smelting of refined copper. The copper industry, due to the low metal content in the ore, has survived mainly in mining areas, i.e. in the Ural economic region. The ores of the Gaisky and Blavinsky, Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky, Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileiny deposits are mined here. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry. In the Urals, metallurgical processing significantly exceeds mining and enrichment. Since there are not enough domestic resources, they use imported concentrates (from Kazakhstan, from the Kola Peninsula) with a metal content of 30-40%. There are about 10 copper smelters and refineries here. Blister copper is produced at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk and other enterprises. Copper refining takes place at specialized Verkhnepyshminsky and Kyshtymsky plants.

In other regions of the country there are also copper production enterprises: in the Northern region (Monchegorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk Combine). In the north of the Chita region, exploration has been completed and preparations are underway for the start of industrial development of the world's third-largest Udokan copper ore deposit in terms of proven reserves. A number of enterprises for refining and rolling copper arose outside the areas where blister copper is produced (Moscow), where the recycling of copper (copper scrap) has become of great importance.

Lead-zinc industry is based on the use of polymetallic ores of different compositions. The peculiarity of their processing is extraction, enrichment, separation of ore minerals, production of metals by various methods, and refining. Lead and zinc are widely used in various fields of human activity. Zinc, having anti-corrosion properties, is used for galvanizing iron sheets, telegraph wires, pipes for various purposes, is part of some pharmaceuticals. Lead is necessary for the manufacture of acid-resistant equipment, various pipes and vessels for the chemical industry, etc., in addition, lead absorbs X-ray and nuclear radiation well.

The territorial organization of the lead-zinc industry differs from the copper industry in that lead and zinc in their pure form are not always obtained simultaneously, i.e. The industry is characterized by a territorial gap between individual stages of the technological process. This becomes possible when obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60-70%, which makes it profitable to transport them over long distances. To obtain lead metal, a relatively small amount of fuel is required compared to zinc processing. However, in general, the lead-zinc industry gravitates towards deposits of polymetallic ores, which are located in the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. A complete metallurgical process is represented in Vladikavkaz, zinc metal is produced from imported concentrates in Chelyabinsk, and zinc concentrates are produced in Sredneuralsk; in Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrate is obtained and zinc is smelted; in Nerchinsk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. The shortage of lead consumed in Russia is covered by supplies from Kazakhstan.

Nickel-cobalt industry is closely related to sources of raw materials due to the low metal content in ores (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt in sulfide ores), the complexity of their processing, high fuel consumption, multi-stage process and the need for complex use of raw materials. On the territory Russian Federation two types of ores are being developed: sulfide copper-nickel ores - Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nickel (Kola Peninsula), Talnakh deposit (Norilsk); oxidized nickel ores - Rezhskoe, Ufaleyskoe, Orskoe (Ural).

Titanium-magnesium industry- relatively new industry non-ferrous metallurgy. Magnesium raw materials are widely distributed in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, and Western Siberia. The production of titanium and magnesium is characterized by high electrical capacity. If magnesium production plants initially arose near sources of raw materials, then titanium production plants were built in places of cheap energy; they operate on imported raw materials and concentrates. In the future, it is planned to create a titanium-magnesium industry as part of the Timan-Pechersk TPK.

Tin industry differs in territorial disunity of stages of the technological process. The metallurgical process is not associated with ore deposits, but is oriented towards areas of consumption or is located along the route of concentrates. Ore deposits are represented in the Chita region, but they are especially widespread in the Far East (Kavalerovo, Kuldur, Yagodnoye, etc.). Here, highly transportable concentrates are produced and sent to places where metal tin is produced.

Non-ferrous metals and their alloys are processed in areas of consumption. Recycling of secondary raw materials also takes place here.

The regions with the most prosperous situation in the non-ferrous metallurgy industry include the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Chelyabinsk Region, where the production of non-ferrous metals (especially copper, zinc and nickel) increased by 13%, and the Murmansk Region (an increase of 7%), where non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for about 2/5 industrial products.

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAR EASTERN REGION.

The Far Eastern economic region is one of the largest regions of the country. It stretches over a huge distance from north to south, is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans and has the largest coastline. The area of the region is 6,215.9 thousand km 2, or 36.4% of the territory of Russia.

The Far Eastern region includes the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, the regions of Magadan, Kamchatka with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Sakhalin, Amur, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

In addition to the mainland territory, the Far Eastern economic region includes the following islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Komandorsky. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of Japan is called Primorye.

Economically, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its remoteness from the central and most populated areas, as well as due to the severity of natural and climatic conditions.

Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products when delivered from other economic regions. Transport connection is provided mainly along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM highway (only in the south of the region).

The coastal location of the Far East provides favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region. Primorsky Krai and the Sakhalin region have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

In the territorial division of labor of the Russian Federation, the region is distinguished by non-ferrous metallurgy - mining and processing of non-ferrous and precious metals: copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, gold, platinum, silver, as well as diamonds and other precious stones.

In addition to non-ferrous metallurgy, the sectors of market specialization for the Far East are the fishing industry, fur trade, forestry with all its branches, shipbuilding and ship repair, reindeer husbandry, and beef cattle breeding.

The Far Eastern region plays a great role in external economic relations with countries of the world, especially with the countries of the Pacific region.

Natural conditions and resources

The northern parts of the territory of the huge and largest Far Eastern region in the Russian Federation by area (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable) there is a temperate, monsoon climate.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental and harsh. Winter is characterized by windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone). Summer is hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia), the lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere was observed (minus 72 degrees).

Natural zones change from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. Altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed in the mountains. Along the middle reaches of the Amur there are forest-steppes with fertile meadow soils.

The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The remaining territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous; mountains of medium height predominate (ridges: Stanovoy, Verkhoyansky, etc.).

Together with the depressions of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the area is included in the system of young folded formations. This, the only area of active volcanism in Russia, is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 m) is the highest point in the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers in the region are the Lena and Amur with their tributaries, the Kolyma, Indigirka, and Yana. Many rivers have rich hydropower resources, but especially the Amur and its tributaries.

There are many forests in the Far East. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so logging is difficult. There are a lot of fur-bearing animals in the taiga - this is one of the natural resources of the area.

The area is very rich in mineral resources. Deposits of coal (Lensky and South Yakutsk basins), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metal ores, gold, and diamonds (Yakutia) have been discovered.

The use of the resources of the World Ocean is associated with the coastal position of the region.

Population

Population - 7.3 million people. The population is distributed extremely unevenly. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, lack of roads, harsh natural conditions. The Far East still experiences a shortage of labor resources. The southern regions of Primorye and the area along the railway routes are more densely populated. The northern part of the region is especially sparsely populated. The average population density is 1.3 people per 1 km2. The highest density, over 13 people, is observed in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Sakhalin and Amur regions, the minimum is in the Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 0.1-0.2 people per 1 km 2.

The population of the Far East is multinational. The majority are Russians. In addition to them, there are about one and a half dozen representatives of indigenous peoples of the North in the region. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak languages of the Paleo-Asian group (Chukchi-Kamchatka language family). In the Amur basin and on the island of Sakhalin live peoples who speak the languages of the Altai family, its Tungus-Manchu language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege). The indigenous population of Yakutia are the Yakuts (they belong to the peoples of the Altai language family, its Turkic language group). Other peoples also live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs.

From time immemorial, all the indigenous peoples who inhabited the Far East were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer herding.

The Far Eastern region is one of the most “urban” in Russia. The share of city residents is 76%. Large cities: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. Rural settlements are located in patches, mostly along river valleys.

Farm

The Far East economy specializes in the production of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, forestry and pulp and paper industries, fur fishing, shipbuilding and ship repair.

The metallurgical complex (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy) is represented by the mining industry - the extraction of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold and their processing. Tin deposits have been developed in Yakutia and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. There is a tin plant (Khrustalny, Primorsky Territory) and a tin mining and processing plant in the Khabarovsk Territory, and plants operate near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, and Dalnegorsk. New deposits of lead-zinc ores are being developed. Mining and processing plants have been built in Yakutia, and in recent years, diamond processing enterprises have been built (Mirny is a city of diamond miners). The oldest branches of the economy include gold mining (in the basins of the Zeya, Bureya, Selemdzha rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Sikhote-Alin).

In Komsamolsk-on-Amur there are metallurgical plants (process metallurgy) that smelt steel. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK assumed the development of local iron ore deposits with the aim of further developing the region's ferrous metallurgy.

Fuel industry. Of the fuel resources in the Far East, the most important are hard and brown coal, as well as Sakhalin oil. Coal The South Yakutsk deposit (which was approached by the railway from the BAM to Neryungri - the so-called Small BAM) is the main export item of Yakutia. Oil and natural gas production is developing on Sakhalin (used for the needs of the Far East itself). Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of the Vilyuy in Yakutia; they are also still used only for local needs.

Oil is produced in the north-east of Sakhalin and from there it is supplied through two oil pipelines to the oil refineries of Komsamolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk. But the volume of oil production is small and does not satisfy the needs of the region. Oil and gas-bearing Sakhalin is connected to the mainland and the gas pipeline (Okha - Komsomolsk - on Amur).

The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the Far East (valuable broad-leaved tree species are cut down). The main logging bases are concentrated in the territories adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the Ussuri, Zeya, Bureya rivers, and are also located on Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of the Lena basin. Most of it goes into processing and export. Sawmilling centers - Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk - on the Amur, etc.

Wood processing is carried out at a match factory in Blogoveshchensk, plywood production is concentrated in Vladivostok, and a pulp and paper mill (cardboard production) operates in Amersk (Khabarovsk Territory). The pulp and paper industry is developed in the south of Sakhalin (it is the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern zone of Russia).

The region's mechanical engineering industry previously produced ships, diesel engines, overhead cranes, machine tools, instruments, etc. Electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tools were developed. Currently, the region is experiencing a very difficult economic situation; many enterprises are not operating. Large industrial centers of the region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. agricultural engineering was represented by a plant in Birobidzhan.

One of the very important industries of the region is the fishing industry. The region ranks first among Russian regions in terms of production of this industry. Only here is the production of valuable salmon fish, saury, and crabs carried out.

The main centers of the fishing industry are located in Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. These are: Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Nevelsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka, Okhotsk, etc. Other seafood is harvested - seaweed, scallops. Sea animals (fur seals) are hunted on a small scale.

Agro-industrial complex. The climatic conditions of most of the region greatly limit the possibility of agriculture due to the lack of summer heat. Agriculture developed mainly in the south of the region (monsoon climate), where soybeans, rice, vegetables, and potatoes are grown. Livestock farming does not meet the needs of the region. In the south of the region they breed large cattle, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. In the taiga, hunting and fur farming are of great importance. The Far Eastern seas are the richest base for the fishing industry.

Fuel and energy complex. The main electrical power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a single energy system. The energy hubs of the northern territories operate in isolation, meeting local needs.

State district power plants and thermal power plants predominate. The largest is the Zeya hydroelectric power station (more than 1 million kW). Of great importance are: Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant (in the northeast), hydroelectric power stations on the tributaries of the Amur, on the Vilyui and Kolyma, Neryungrinskaya State District Power Plant (on Yakutia coal), thermal stations near Yakutsk (operating on local natural gas). In Kamchatka there is the Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant (using the internal energy of the Earth).

Transport. All types of transport are of great importance for the Far East. Rail transport is important for the southern part of the region and on Sakhalin Island (which is also connected to the continent by sea ferry).

Here, in the Far East, near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the Baikal-Amur Mainline ends (its eastern section was built earlier: from Komsamolsk-on-Amur to the port of Vanino), which duplicates the Trans-Siberian Mainline running south (to Vladivostok). Even before the completion of the construction of the BAM, a line was put into operation - the so-called Small BAM. They intend to continue it to Yakutsk.

Road transport provides transportation in the northeast between the ports of the Okhotsk and Bering seas and industrial centers inland (in Yakutia, Magadan region). but there are very few roads, often these are seasonal roads - winter roads.

River transport is also important, especially in the south of the region (the Amur and its tributaries are navigable). The development of the Far North is connected with the further development of the Northern Sea Route. Ports have been created near the mouths of large northern rivers to serve ships passing through the northern and eastern seas of Russia.

Air transport carries out passenger transportation and cargo delivery, incl. in hard-to-reach areas and islands.

Foreign economic relations of Russia are carried out through the seaports of Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

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1. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia………………………………………………………………

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern region...

References………………………………………………………………………………

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Education Agency

Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law

Department: general economic disciplines

Test

Discipline: Economic geography and regional studies

Non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups according to their physical properties and purpose:

heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel;
light - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, lithium, etc.;
small - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, arsenic, cobalt, mercury:
alloying agents - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium;
noble - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids;
rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, selenium, etc.

The Russian non-ferrous metallurgy produces about 70 different types of metals. Three countries in the world have such a complete set of production - the USA, Germany, Japan.

Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy:

extremely low quantitative content of useful components in raw materials (copper from 1 to 5%, lead-zinc from 1.5 to 5.5%, etc.), i.e. to obtain 1 ton of copper it is necessary to process at least 100 tons of ore;
exceptional multicomponent nature of raw materials (for example: Ural pyrites contain copper, iron, sulfur, gold, cadmium, silver and others, up to 30 elements in total);
high fuel intensity and energy intensity of raw materials during processing.

A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the high energy intensity of raw materials in the process of their preparation for metallurgical processing and processing. In this regard, a distinction is made between fuel-intensive and electricity-intensive industries. High fuel intensity is typical, for example, for the production of nickel, alumina from nephelines, and blister copper. The production of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, etc. is characterized by increased electrical intensity. In the industry as a whole, the share of fuel and energy costs ranges from 10 to 50-65% total costs per I ton of manufactured products. This feature of production determines the location of non-ferrous metallurgy industries in regions that are best supplied with electricity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy industries

Main branches of non-ferrous metallurgy:

aluminum industry;
copper smelting or copper industry;
lead-zinc industry;
nickel-cobalt industry;
tin mining industry;
gold mining industry;
diamond mining industry.

It should be noted that in the distribution of non-ferrous metallurgy there are usually no clearly limited areas of location (or metallurgical bases). This is due to two reasons: firstly, non-ferrous metallurgy has a complex industry structure; secondly, in many sub-sectors there is a territorial gap between the extraction and enrichment of raw materials and the smelting of finished metal.

Aluminum industry

Aluminum has high structural properties, lightness, sufficient mechanical strength, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which ensures its use in mechanical engineering, construction, and the production of consumer goods. Aluminum alloys (duralumin, silumin, etc.) according to mechanical properties not inferior to high-grade steels.

The main raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite; nephelines and alunites, which are complex raw materials, are also used. The technological process consists of two main stages: alumina production and aluminum metal production. Geographically, these processes are in many cases separated, since the first stage is material-intensive and gravitates towards sources of raw materials, and the second is oriented in its placement towards sources of cheap energy.

In Russia, all centers for the production of aluminum metal (with the exception of the Urals) are to one degree or another removed from raw materials, being located near hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk) and partly where large power plants operate on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk).

Joint production of alumina and aluminum is carried out in the North-Western region (Volkhov) and in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky).

The aluminum industry, among other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, stands out for its largest scale of production. The most powerful enterprises for alumina operate in Achinsk, Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky and Pikalyov, for aluminum - in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Irkutsk (Shelekhov). Eastern Siberia produces almost 4/5 of the total amount of aluminum in the country.

Until 2007, the domestic market for aluminum products was represented by two companies: SUAL-Holding (SUAL Group) and Russian Aluminum (RUSAL).

In 2006-2007 There was a merger of the aluminum and alumina assets of the RUSAL company, which ranked third in the world in aluminum production, the SUAL group, one of the world's top ten aluminum producers, and the Swiss company Glencore, and the world's largest aluminum corporation, United Russian Aluminum Company (UK), was created RUSAL).

The main feature of the company is vertical integration as part of the production cycle of successive technological stages for the extraction and processing of raw materials, the production of primary metal, as well as semi-finished and finished products from aluminum and its alloys.

Copper smelting or copper industry

Copper has high electrical conductivity and malleability, and is widely used in mechanical engineering, especially in the electrical industry, the construction of power transmission and communication lines, as well as in the production of alloys with other metals.

The copper industry, due to the relatively low content of concentrates, is confined (excluding the refining of crude metal) to areas with raw material resources.

The main type of ores now used in Russia for copper production are copper pyrites, which are represented mainly in the Urals (Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Blavinskoye, Sibaiskoye, Gaiskoye and other deposits). An important reserve is cuprous sandstones concentrated in Eastern Siberia (Udokan deposit). Copper-molybdenum ores are also found. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores are used as additional raw materials.

The main copper production region is the Urals, which is characterized by the predominance of metallurgical processing over mining and beneficiation. Therefore, they are forced to use imported (mostly Kazakh) concentrates.

In the Urals there are enterprises for the production of blister copper and its refining. The former include the Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk (Revda), Karabash and Mednogorsk copper smelters, and the latter include the Kyshtym and Verkhnepymensk copper-electrolyte plants.

Characterized by widespread recycling of waste for chemical purposes. At the copper smelters of Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd and Revda, sulfur dioxide gases serve as the feedstock for the production of sulfuric acid. In Krasnouralsk and Revda, phosphate fertilizers are produced based on sulfuric acid and imported apatite concentrates.

In the future, it is planned to bring into circulation new sources of raw materials for copper production. To develop the unique Udokan deposit in Eastern Siberia, a company of the same name was created mining company(UGK) with the participation of American-Chinese capital. The deposit, the third largest in the world, is located near the Chara station on the BAM.

Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little direct connection with raw materials. In fact, it is located either where there is metallurgical processing, forming specialized enterprises, or in combination with the smelting of ferrous metal, or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino, etc.). Favorable condition is the availability of cheap energy (1 ton of electrolytic copper consumes 3.5-5 kW/h).

Nickel-cobalt industry

Nickel, which has high hardness, is an alloying metal and is used as a protective coating for metal products. Nickel is part of valuable alloys with other non-ferrous metals.

Cobalt, mined from nickel ores, is used to produce cobalt alloys: magnetic, heat-resistant, super-hard, corrosion-resistant.

The nickel-cobalt industry is most closely connected with sources of raw materials, which is due to the low content of intermediate products (matte and matte) obtained during the processing of the original ores. In Russia, two types of ores are exploited: sulfide (copper-nickel), which are known on the Kola Peninsula (Nickel) and in the lower reaches of the Yenisei (Norilsk), and oxidized ores in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh). The Norilsk region is especially rich in sulfide ores. Sources of raw materials have been identified here (Talnakh and Oktyabrskoye deposits), which makes it possible to further expand the metallurgical processing of nickel.

The Norilsk region is the largest center for the integrated use of copper-nickel ores. At the plant operating here, which combines all stages of the technological process - from raw materials to finished products, nickel, cobalt, platinum (together with platinum group metals), copper and some other rare metals are produced. By recycling waste, sulfuric acid, soda and other chemical products are obtained.

OJSC * Mining and Metallurgical Company "Norilsk" Nickel is the largest company in Russia and one of the world's largest companies producing precious and non-ferrous metals. It accounts for more than 20% of global nickel production, more than 10% of cobalt and 3% of copper. In the domestic market, the share of OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel accounts for about 96% of all nickel produced in the country, 55% of copper, 95% of cobalt.

Lead-zinc industry focuses on the raw material and fuel base: Kuzbass - Salair, Transbaikalia - Nerchinsk, Far East - Dalnegorsk, etc. The tin industry is developed in the Far East: Sherlovogorsky, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny GOK.

Diamond mining industry. Diamonds are one of the most important income sources of domestic exports. The country receives about $1.5 billion annually from their sales. Currently, almost all domestic diamonds are mined in Yakutia. In two diamond-bearing areas of the Vilyui River basin, there are several mines, including such well-known ones as Yubileiny and Udachny (85% of total production). In the eastern regions of the country, diamonds were also found in Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region). Joint-stock company "AL ROSA" is one of the world leaders in the field of exploration, mining and sales of diamonds, polished diamond production. AK "AL ROSA" produces 97% of all diamonds in the Russian Federation. The company's share in global diamond production is 25%.

Development prospects are outlined in the federal programs: “Development of the ore base of non-ferrous metallurgy”, “National program for the development of metallurgy in Russia”.